Europe 1992 The Implications of Market Integration for R & D-Intensive Firms (1991) / Chapter Skim
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Access to Precompetitive Research Programs of the European Communities
Access to Precompetitive Research Programs of the European Communities
Pages 24-46
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From page 24... ...
It should also be clear that, as foreseen by the Single European Act and specified in the 1990-1994 Framework Program, the Community is ready to cooperate with third countries on a basis of mutual advantage. I shall confine myself to some considerations directly bearing on the access to EC programs of noncommunity countries, institutions, and companies.
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From page 25... ...
In other sectors, such as controlled thermonuclear fusion, the Community program comprises practically all activities carried out in the member states. Demand from industry research institutes and universities for participation in Community research programs largely exceeds present resources.
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From page 26... ...
All factors considered, I expect that the Community's research budget for 1993-1997 will increase but not drastically. The answer to the first question of my American colleagues is therefore straightforward: EC research programs will not replace national programs but will represent a useful and perhaps necessary complement to them, not just because they provide fresh funds but because they promote new forms of collaboration.
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From page 27... ...
It can include joint planning and conception of programs; "contribution to" and "access to" funding of programs; participation in the implementation of either a program or a project; and access to research results, be they published, stored in data banks, patented, or protected by copyright. The legal terms of reference for access to Community programs are to be found in the treaties establishing the Communities, the Framework Program and specific program decisions, and the harmonized research contract.
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From page 28... ...
The harmonized contract also permits the participation of organizations established outside the EC and EFTA in specific projects with the agreement of the Commission. In all cases there is a general limitation on the transfer of results and information to organizations established outside the EC, including U.S.
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From page 29... ...
It's difficult for me to speak in the name of all non-Europeanheld European companies, so they decided that I would draw a random sample, and I'm going to present the viewpoint of say, IBM. The first question that arises is, why would a non-European-held European company want or need or be asked to participate in a European research program?
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From page 30... ...
But I am very ashamed to state that IBM is involved in only 11 different projects in only three European programs. Because if we compare this participation with that of some of our European competitors and other European companies, some much smaller than us, our participation is one order of magnitude below theirs.
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From page 31... ...
I'm alluding, for instance, to the initial ESPRIT programs in the early 1980s, where the original goal was to reestablish European computer industry competitiveness and independence from foreign "domination." At that time that meant mostly U.S. domination, and that implied IBM domination, and I recall the days when the success of European government programs to support and foster national computer industries was measured by the decrease of IBM's market share (incidentally, I must say that this measurement does not do justice to the efficiency of the European government programs, since, as you know, IBM's market share decreased more rapidly in the United States than in Europe)
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From page 32... ...
Following some years in many government positions, he is now the director general for basic research, research coordination, and international cooperation in the Federal Ministry for Research and Technology of the Federal Republic of Germany.
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From page 33... ...
In the center of its joint and common activities, there is no doubting the growing weight of the EC Framework R&D Program, with its importance for and influence on national policies. Both national governments and the EC Commission play a subsidiary role in European industrial technology and innovation policy.
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From page 34... ...
Less than 1 percent of total industrial R&D in the Federal Republic of Germany is presently funded by the EC Framework Program; about 17 percent is from national, civilian and military resources. Against this background the influence of governments and the EC Commission on access to industrial R&D work and R&D results, either from national and European multinational enterprises or from overseas companies, is very much limited more limited, I assume, than it is in the United States, with large governmental defense R&D support for American companies.
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From page 35... ...
Examples in Germany are German companies of the chemical and pharmaceutical sector; they take part in publicly funded R&D programs only on a very low scale. IBM Germany is another example as I see it of reserve and caution about national and European R&D support.
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From page 36... ...
It is also not yet decided whether the EC will contribute to the JESSI program via a larger number of individual contracts for specific subprojects, according to article 130k of the Single Act, and out of its ESPRIT funds, or according to article 130m, which would allow global participation in this multilateral EUREKA program. The decisions about foreign participation in JESSI or in selected JESSI projects therefore lie mainly with the industrial JESSI consortium and its board.
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From page 37... ...
He has held many international jobs, chairing many different groups and participating with leaders from many countries to bring them closer together. As a member of the National Science Board of the National Science Foundation, he is now chairman of the NSF Committee on Europe in 1992: Implications for U.S.
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From page 38... ...
As a result, we are unable to provide the help that Europe and other nations seek which leads us to a second concern. Our distinguished guests from Europe have not come here to see Americans wash their dirty laundry, but what better place to acknowledge our problems than in the very building where scientists and engineers gathered to provide leadership on the Marshall Plan, in the very building where the American scientific community met to respond to Sputnik, and where the crucial questions of nuclear deterrence have been debated?
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From page 39... ...
Commitments to react have been made time and time again in recent years but with little follow-through. Yet this is a rare gathering, a complex mosaic of leaders from two great continents candidly discussing mutual concerns.
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From page 40... ...
Consider the European Community's own example, Jean Monet, the Frenchman known as the father of the Common Market, who showed us all the potential of economic integration. Or consider this Academy, which has inspired so many universities to become first-class research institutions.
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From page 41... ...
While that might be so today, it might even be more so in the future if Europe proceeds with political integration along with economic integration. If political integration happens, Europe could entrench itself and build a wall around it and decide to become a competitor rather than a cooperator in the world scene.
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From page 42... ...
I would also like to make a comment, this time not as an IBM executive but as a European citizen: I must say that the discrimination that American companies feel in Europe is nothing compared to the discrimination that European companies feel and I apologize to this wonderful country which I love and where I'm a guest today in the United States.
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From page 43... ...
But it is a very serious point and perhaps we should have a symmetrical meeting to discuss the type of problems just raised, what chances U.S.-based subsidiaries of European companies have to gain access to American programs.
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From page 44... ...
There are no direct measures from the EC or from governments to intervene directly in the implementation in the last stage of the innovation process, in the building up of manufacturing systems, in going into the market. This is really a matter for the enterprises.
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From page 45... ...
Moreover, the problem of the evaluation of programs was raised. In all our specific programs, those that implement the Framework program are generally of four to five years' duration.
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From page 46... ...
We start with some fundamental research. We even have a program called science that has no predetermined limits but is there just to pick up new ideas that might otherwise fall between multiple chairs, programs that could be too German to be British, too British to be Danish, too much physics to be biology, etc.
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