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From page 169... ... , 59-60, 61-62 AIDS-related dementia, plate 2, 59-62 Addictive disorders, 10, 155-156 Adenosine triphosphate, 75 Adenylate cyclase, 75 Adrenal glands, 71 Adrenergic receptors, 78-81 Adrenocorticotropic hormone, 18 African toad (Xenopus) , 83 Aggression, 11 Aging, 44, 53-54, 55, 57 Akil, Huda, 156 Alcohol, 10, 88 Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration (ADAMHA) Read the entire page →
From page 170... ... 170 hypothalamus, 18 obsessive-compulsive disorder, 50 panic disorder, 53 visual development, 109 Anterior commissure, 29 Antidepressant medication, 51, 63 Antipsychotic medication, 65 Anxiety, 40, 41, 51, 52 Arginine, 84 Aristotle, 8, 46 Artificial brain, 140-142 Artificial intelligence, 8 Artificial perception, 140, 141, 144 "Association" cortex, 26-27, 105 Asthma, 71 Atropine, 70, 75 Attention, 105, 115-117, 123, 129-130 neural circuitry, 117-118 pathology, 120-122 reticular activating system, 20 system development, 118-120 Auditory association area, 26 Auditory nerve, 141 Autism, 44 Autonomic nervous system, 17, 70 Autopsy, 34 Autoradiography, 35-36 Axons, 71, 139 AIDS and, 60 backward projection, 107 blood flow, 35 in brain development, 96, 97-99, 100 cerebral cortex, 29 myelin sheath, 30, 31, 72 reticular network, 20 signal transmission, 30, 32, 82, 97, 128, 134 synapse connections, 30, 33, 9798, 101, 127 AZT, plate 2, 62 B Balance and posture, 19, 20 Barbiturates, 52-53, 74 INDEX Barrestin, 81 Basal ganglia, 5, 50 Behavioral studies, 147 Benzodiazepines, 52, 53, 74 Berthoz, A., 111 Beta adrenergic receptor kinase (BARK) , 81 Beta-agonists, 71 Beta-endorphin, 77 Beta receptors, 78, 79 Birds, 19, 130 Birth defects, 10, 88 Bisiach, E., 113 Bladder, 16 Blindness, 110 Blood-brain barrier, 58 Blood circulation in the brain, 3, 56, 116 imaging techniques, 45, 116 neurotransmitter control, 71-72 Blood vessels, 35 brainstem control, 15 hypothalamus control, 17 neurotransmitter control, 5, 7475, 84 Body, 3, 4 Body temperature, 17 Botulin, 70 Brain aging and, 44, 55, 57 body and, 3, 4 complexity of, 1, 33, 86, 136 computer simulation, 136-137, 140-144 drugs and, 10 evolution of, 13, 26, 93 imaging techniques, 7-8, 34-35, 45 information processing, 1, 4, 123, 141, 147 medical examination of, 34 and mind, 46-47, 62-63, 121-122 neuroscience approach, 3, 7, 9-12 parallel processing, 8 physical structure, 13-15, 29-30, 31 plasticity, 8, 86-87, 88-89 Read the entire page →
From page 171... ... Allan, 2, 152, 156 Bush, Barbara, 2 Bush, George, iv, 2 C Cade, John, 49 Calcium, 9, 10 Calcium channels, 32, 82, 84, 85, 126, 127 Calcium ions, 32, 75, 127, 139-140 California Institute of Technology, 141 Calmodulin, 85 Canada, 153 Carbon dioxide, 52 Caudate nucleus, 41 Cell-adhesion proteins, 5, 128-129 171 Cell death, 103 Cell migration, 95-97, 100 Cell proliferation, 93-95, 102 Central nervous system, 1, 69-71, 104 Cerebellum development of, 96 hemispheres, 20 in language tasks, 39 movement control, 14, 15-16, 1920 neurotransmitters in, 71, 84, 85 Cerebral cortex, 13-15, 16 "association" cortex, 26-27, 105 cell composition, 91, 95 development of, 5, 22-25, 88, 89, 90, 95-97, 101 dopamine receptors, 101, 134 emotional control, 17, 27 gyri and sulci, 25-26 language functions, 26, 27-29 layers, 29, 97 lobes, 23, 25, 90 memory functions, 27, 70 movement control, 25-26 physical areas of, 26, 28, 46, 9293 pyramidal neurons, 9, 97, 134 size of, 19, 22, 91, 94 visual functions, 27, 106, 110 Cerebrum, 65 Chaos theory, 147 Chemical signals, 6, 31, 32-33, 69, 74, 80 Chemical synapses, 30 Chimeric receptors, 79-81 Chimpanzees, 91 Chloride channels, 53, 74 Chloride ions, 53, 74 Chlorine ions, 32 Chlorpromazine, 64, 73 Cholinergic pathways, 58 Cingulate gyrus, 120, 121 Citrulline, 84 Clinical practice, 11-12, 48, 147-148, 154 Clomipramine, 50 Read the entire page →
From page 172... ... , 75-76, 78 Dogs, 130 Domenici, Pete V., 2 Dopamine, 101 in cognitive function, 133-135 in movement control, 72-73 in Parkinson's disease, 57-58, 73 production of, 18, 72 prolactin inhibition, 18, 72 in schizophrenia, 73-74 Dopamine blockers, 65, 73 Dopamine receptors, 64, 65, 101, 134 Dopaminergic neurons, 72-73 Down's syndrome, 57 Drinking, 17 Drugs, 79, 85, 88 ACh inhibitors, 70 antidepressant medication, 51, 63, 71, 72 antipsychotic medication, 65 beta-agor~ists, 71 obsessive-compulsive medication, 50-51 opiates, 76-77 panic disorder medication, 51, 52-53 schizophrenia medication, 64, 6566, 73 substance abuse, 3-4, 7, 10, 155156 Dyslexia, 38 E Eating, 17-18 Ectopias, 100 Edelman, Gerald, 128, 142, 144 Education, 149-150 Electrical signals, 6, 31, 67-69, 80, 81-82, 98 Electrical synapses, 30 Electroencephalography (EEG) , 42, 117-118, 133 Embryo, 87 Emotion, 119-120 hypothalamus and, 17 imaging techniques, 39-41 Read the entire page →
From page 173... ... , 52-53, 74 Ganglion cells, 107, 108 Genes, 8, 57, 93, 103 Genetics, 8, 145, 146 Alzheimer's disease, 55, 57 brain development, 89-91, 93, 101 manic-depressive disorder, 49 obsessive-compulsive disorder, 50, 52 panic disorder, 52 173 Gill withdrawal reflex, 125 Glandular cells, 75 Glial cells, 95, 96 Glucose, 17, 35, 71 Glutamate, 84, 85, 139-140 Glutamate receptors, 84-85, 139-140 Glutamic acid, 56 Goldman-Rakic, Patricia, 65, 131, 132, 134, 135, 136 Goodwin, Frederick K., 149, 150 Gordis, Enoch, 3, 7, 10 G-proteins, 75, 78, 80 Granule cells, 96 "Gray matter," 9, 31, 42-43, 44 Grignolo, Alberto, 153 Guanosine triphosphate, 75 Guinea pigs, 49 Gyri, 25-26 cingulate gyrus, 120, 121 parahippocampal gyrus, 40 H Hallucinations, 64, 65, 73 Head injury, 2, 50 Hearing, 104-105 Heart, 46 Heartbeat, 15, 16 Hebb, Donald, 139, 140 Hemiballism, 6 Heroin, 77 Hindbrain, 15, 90 Hippocampus, 141 Alzheimer's disease and, 55, 56, 58, 70 blood flow, 56 in limbic system, 22, 40 long-term memory, 124, 139 neurons, 10, 56, 58 in panic disorder, 53 short-term memory, 10, 22, 58 Hippocrates, 46 Hormones, 18 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 148 Hubel, David H., 104, 109, 110, 111, 116 Read the entire page →
From page 174... ... MacArthur Foundation, 148 Johnson, Mark, 119 Johnson, Richard T., 61 Judd, Lewis, 66 K Kandel, Eric R., 124, 125, 127, 139 Kidneys, 3 L Langfitt, Thomas W., 150, 154 Language processing, 26, 27-28, 29 INDEX occipital lobe, 118 parietal lobe, 112 PET imaging, 37-39 schizophrenia and, 121 Lateral geniculate nucleus, 106, 108, 109 Adopt, 73 Learning, 8, 123-125, 127, 129, 138 aging and, 55 Alzheimer's disease and, 59 computer simulation, 8, 140 dendrite spines and, 9 ion channels and, 82 PET imaging, 39 Learning disorders, 38 Lee, D., 111 Lefkowitz, Robert, 78, 79, 81 Left hemisphere, 15, 20 language functions, 26, 27, 28, 29, 121 panic disorder and, 40, 41 visual function, 107 Limbic system emotional functions, 21, 124 mood regulation, 65, 71, 73 nervous system connections, 21, 22, 27, 65 opiate receptors, 77 PET imaging, plate 6, 41, 52 Lishman, l., 111 Lithium, 10, 48-49 Lithium carbonate, 49 Liver, 3, 46, 71 Livingstone, Margaret, 111 Lobes, 23, 25 Logical functions, 142 Long-term memory, 22, 27, 124, 125129 Luteinizing hormone, 18 Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) , 72 M McDonell-Pew Cognitive Neuroscience Program, 154 McKhann, Guy M., 54, 55 Read the entire page →
From page 175... ... See also Long-term memory; Shortterm memory Alzheimer's disease and, 53, 5556, 58, 59 computer simulation, 140 visual, 27 Mental health, 2, 47-48 Mental illness, 46-48, 145 AIDS-related dementia, 59-62 Alzheimer's disease, 53-59 diagnosis and treatment, 4 genetic transfer, 8 manic-depressive illness, 48-49 mood disorders, 62-63 obsessive-compulsive disorder, 49-51 panic disorder, 51-53 PET imaging, 41 schizophrenia, 64-66 Mental representations, 129-130, 132, 136 Mental retardation, 57 Messenger molecules, 98 Messenger RNA, 5-6 175 Metabolism, 35, 41, 44 Metals, toxic, 55, 56 Microglia, 61 Midbrain, 15, 16, 90 Migraine headaches, 85 Mind, 46-47, 62, 105, 121-122, 123 Mitochondria, 30 Molecular biology, 8, 50, 103, 146, 147 Monkeys attention system, 115, 118 axons, 99, 100 cerebral cortex, 93, 94, 95-96, 101, 130 dopamine receptors, 101, 134 movement perception, 113-114 nervous system development, 91, 94, 95, 99 working memory, 65, 130-131, 132-133, 134, 135 Monocytes, 62 Mood control, 71, 73 Mood disorders, 62-63 Morphine, 77 Motor cortex, plate 7, 19, 24, 26 Mountcastle, Vernon B., 112, 113114, 115 Movement control, 5-6 brainstem, 15-16 cerebellum, 19-20 dopamine and, 72-73 precentral gyros, 25 reticular network, 20 Movement perception, 110, 113115 Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) , 60 Multiple sclerosis, 44 Muscle cells, 75 Muscular movement, 15-16 Mussels, 55-56 Mutation, 57, 86-87, 102 Myasthenia gravis, 70 Myelin sheath axons, 30, 31, 72 imaging, 42-43 pathologies, 44, 60, 61 Read the entire page →
From page 176... ... , 11, 48, 49, 64, 145 National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, 54 National Institutes of Health (NIH) , 148, 151, 154 Natural selection, 99 Nerve growth factor, 58, 98, 99 Nerve tracts, 15, 20, 132 Nervous system, 20 AIDS infection, 59-60 Alzheimer's disease and, 55, 59 autonomic nervous system, 17, 70 central nervous system, 1, 69-71, 104 chain of signals, 4 development of, 99, 124-125 electrical signals in, 67 hypothalamus and, 16-17 in learning, 5, 124-125, 129, 138, 139 messenger molecules, 98 movement control, 72-73 proteins in, 128, 129 robot, 143 Neural tangles, 54, 55, 56 Neural tube birth defects, 88 in brain development, 15, 86, 89, 90, 95 Neurobiology, 123-124 Neuroglia, 31 Neurological diseases, 6 Neurology, 146, 153 Neuromodulators, 71, 98 Neurons, 29-31 Alzheimer's disease and, 55, 56 blood flow, 35 cell elimination, 88, 99-100 cell migration, 5, 88, 95-97 cell proliferation, 86, 93-95, 98-99 INDEX cerebral cortex, 25, 29, 131-132, 134 chain of signals, 1, 4, 6 in cognitive function, 134-135 computer models, 140-141, 147 dopaminergic neurons, 72-73 electrical charge, 31, 32, 53, 82, 83 genetic transcription, 126-127 hypothalamus, 17 imaging techniques, 35, 36, 44 ion channels, 81-83 learning and, 5, 82, 138 in memory, 125-126, 128-129, 131-132 motor neurons, 70, 125-126, 127, 128 nerve growth factor and, 58 neuroglia, 31 neurotransmitter synthesis, 69, 71 nitric oxide-forming enzyme in, 85 number of, 86, 88, 138, 155 pineal gland, 18-19 protein synthesis, 126, 127 pyramidal neurons, 9, 97, 134 receptor sites, 32-33, 74-76, 78-81 reticular network, 20 sensory neurons, 125, 126, 127, 128, 139 serotonergic neurons, 72 synapses, 30, 31-32, 88, 91, 97-98, 127, 138, 139-140 thalamus, 16, 20 visual, 110, 113-114 Neuroscience, 2, 3, 4-5, 6-7, 104 and artificial brain, 142 and brain development, 88, 92, 103 and mental illness, 9-11, 46-48, 59, 66, 145-146, 147-148 and psychology, 10-11, 62-63 research directions, 8-9, 11-12, 146-149, 151-157 technological innovations, 7-8 Neurotransmitters, 4 acetylcholine, 69-71 Read the entire page →
From page 177... ... , 151-152 Olfactory bulb, 21, 23, 85 Opiates, 76-77 Opsins, 79 Optic chiasm, 107 Optic nerve, 102, 106, 107, 109 Ovulation, 18, 19 177 p Painkillers, 76-77 Pain sensations, 16, 20, 71-72 Panic disorder, plate 6, 39-40, 41, 45, 51-53 Parahippocampal gyros, 40 Parallel processing, 8 Parietal cortex, 132-133 Parietal lobe, 23, 25 in attention system, 115, 116-117, 120 language functions, 112 movement perception, 115 in spatial perception, 112-113, 132-133, 136 visual neurons, 113-115 Parietal lobe syndrome, 112, 116-117 Parkinson's disease, 2, 6, 56, 57-58, 59, 72-73 "Parsimony in nature," 5 Perception, 104-105, 129-130, 142143 Peripheral vision, 111-112, 113-114, 115 Peterson, Steven, 117 Pew Charitable Trusts, 148, 154 Pharmaceutical industry, 148-149 Pheromones, 21 Phospholipase C, 75-76 Phosphorous, 44 Phrenology, 46 Pineal gland, 18-19 Pituitary gland, 14, 17, 18, 85 Pons, 14, 15-16, 96 Positron emission tomography (PET) , 7, 35-37, 45, 50, 110, 133 and attention system, 117, 118, 120 imaging of AIDS-related dementia, plate 2 maying of language recognition, plate 1, 37-39, 116 imaging of panic disorder, plate 6, 39~1, 52 Posner, Michael I., 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120-121 Read the entire page →
From page 178... ... 178 Postcentral gyrus, 25 Potassium channels, 31-32, 82-83, 126 Potassium ions, 31 Precentral gyrus, 25-26 Prefrontal cortex dopamine in, 133-134 emotional functions, 27, 65 schizophrenia and, 64-65, 66, 135 in working memory, 65, 66, 130, 131-132, 134, 135, 136 Pregnancy, 10, 45, 86, 88, 91 Pressure sensations, 16 Primates, 66, 129, 136 Private sector, 148-149, 153-155 Prolactin, 18, 72 Protein kineses, 4, 76, 81, 127, 129 Proteins amyloid proteins, 54-55, 57 cell-adhesion proteins, 5, 128-129 G-proteins, 75, 78, 80 in learning, 5, 127-128 second-messenger systems and, 75 in synapses, 30 synthesis of, 126, 127 Psychosomatic disorders, 3 Psychotherapy, 49-50, 65-66 Public Health Service, 148, 151 Purpura, Dominick P., 2-3, 5, 6, 9 Pyramidal neurons, 9, 97, 134 R Raichle, Marcus E., 37-39, 41, 116 Rakic, Pasko, 92-93, 94, 95, 100, 101, 102 Raphe nuclei, 20 Rats, 77, 139 Reading, 26, 38-39 Receptor sites, 9, 32-33, 74-75 acetylcholine receptors, 70, 75 adrenergic receptors, 78-81 chimeric receptors, 79-81 dopamine receptors, 64, 65, 101, 134 INDEX elimination in brain development, 101 GABA receptors, 52-53, 74 glutamate receptors, 84-85, 139140 mapping of, 77-78, 92 norepinephrine receptors, 5, 7475, 78 voltage-gated channels, 31-32, 81-82 Reproductive functions, 19 Reptiles, 21 Research, 146, 147-149, 151, 152-153, 154, 156-157 Reserpine, 63 Reticular activating system, 18, 20-21 Retina, 106, 107, 141 Retrovirus, 89-91 Rhinencephalon, 21 Ribonucleic acid (RNA) messenger, 5-6 synthesis, 126 Right hemisphere, 15, 20, 28-29, 41, 107, 121 Robots, 143 Rubella, 88 S Schizophrenia, 7, 73-74, 147-148 and attention system, 120-121 imaging technologies and, 44 medications, 64, 65-66, 73 and prefrontal cortex, 64-65, 66, 135, 136 Science, 149-150, 155, 157 Scopolamine, 70 Second messengers, 4, 69, 75-76, 78, 80, 98 Sejnowski, Terrence 141, 144 l., 136, 137, 138, Selkoe, Dennis, 57 Senile plaques, 54-55, 57 Senses, 8, 16, 104-105, 110-111, 129130 Sensitization, 72 Serotonergic neurons, 72 Read the entire page →
From page 179... ... , 22, 77-78 T-4 cells, 62 Thalamus, 14, 16, 19, 134 connections with cerebral cortex layers, 29, 102 in limbic system, 21, 27 in reticular activating system, 20 Thought, 123 Thyroid-stimulating hormone, 18 Touch, 16, 20, 104-105 Toxic metals, 55, 56 Tranquilizers, 51, 52 Tryptophan, 72 Tumors, plates 3-5, 44 Twins, 49, 50, 52 U Ultrasound imaging, 7-8, 44-45 United States government research funding, 148, 150-151, 152 United States Congress, iv, 2, 163 United States Department of Energy, 148 Read the entire page →
From page 180... ... See Short-term memory X X-ray technology, 36, 42, 43, 44, 88, 91 z Zidovudine (AZT) , plate 2, 62 Read the entire page →

From page 169...

... , 59-60, 61-62 AIDS-related dementia, plate 2, 59-62 Addictive disorders, 10, 155-156 Adenosine triphosphate, 75 Adenylate cyclase, 75 Adrenal glands, 71 Adrenergic receptors, 78-81 Adrenocorticotropic hormone, 18 African toad (Xenopus) , 83 Aggression, 11 Aging, 44, 53-54, 55, 57 Akil, Huda, 156 Alcohol, 10, 88 Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration (ADAMHA)

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From page 170...

... 170 hypothalamus, 18 obsessive-compulsive disorder, 50 panic disorder, 53 visual development, 109 Anterior commissure, 29 Antidepressant medication, 51, 63 Antipsychotic medication, 65 Anxiety, 40, 41, 51, 52 Arginine, 84 Aristotle, 8, 46 Artificial brain, 140-142 Artificial intelligence, 8 Artificial perception, 140, 141, 144 "Association" cortex, 26-27, 105 Asthma, 71 Atropine, 70, 75 Attention, 105, 115-117, 123, 129-130 neural circuitry, 117-118 pathology, 120-122 reticular activating system, 20 system development, 118-120 Auditory association area, 26 Auditory nerve, 141 Autism, 44 Autonomic nervous system, 17, 70 Autopsy, 34 Autoradiography, 35-36 Axons, 71, 139 AIDS and, 60 backward projection, 107 blood flow, 35 in brain development, 96, 97-99, 100 cerebral cortex, 29 myelin sheath, 30, 31, 72 reticular network, 20 signal transmission, 30, 32, 82, 97, 128, 134 synapse connections, 30, 33, 9798, 101, 127 AZT, plate 2, 62 B Balance and posture, 19, 20 Barbiturates, 52-53, 74 INDEX Barrestin, 81 Basal ganglia, 5, 50 Behavioral studies, 147 Benzodiazepines, 52, 53, 74 Berthoz, A., 111 Beta adrenergic receptor kinase (BARK) , 81 Beta-agonists, 71 Beta-endorphin, 77 Beta receptors, 78, 79 Birds, 19, 130 Birth defects, 10, 88 Bisiach, E., 113 Bladder, 16 Blindness, 110 Blood-brain barrier, 58 Blood circulation in the brain, 3, 56, 116 imaging techniques, 45, 116 neurotransmitter control, 71-72 Blood vessels, 35 brainstem control, 15 hypothalamus control, 17 neurotransmitter control, 5, 7475, 84 Body, 3, 4 Body temperature, 17 Botulin, 70 Brain aging and, 44, 55, 57 body and, 3, 4 complexity of, 1, 33, 86, 136 computer simulation, 136-137, 140-144 drugs and, 10 evolution of, 13, 26, 93 imaging techniques, 7-8, 34-35, 45 information processing, 1, 4, 123, 141, 147 medical examination of, 34 and mind, 46-47, 62-63, 121-122 neuroscience approach, 3, 7, 9-12 parallel processing, 8 physical structure, 13-15, 29-30, 31 plasticity, 8, 86-87, 88-89

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From page 171...

... Allan, 2, 152, 156 Bush, Barbara, 2 Bush, George, iv, 2 C Cade, John, 49 Calcium, 9, 10 Calcium channels, 32, 82, 84, 85, 126, 127 Calcium ions, 32, 75, 127, 139-140 California Institute of Technology, 141 Calmodulin, 85 Canada, 153 Carbon dioxide, 52 Caudate nucleus, 41 Cell-adhesion proteins, 5, 128-129 171 Cell death, 103 Cell migration, 95-97, 100 Cell proliferation, 93-95, 102 Central nervous system, 1, 69-71, 104 Cerebellum development of, 96 hemispheres, 20 in language tasks, 39 movement control, 14, 15-16, 1920 neurotransmitters in, 71, 84, 85 Cerebral cortex, 13-15, 16 "association" cortex, 26-27, 105 cell composition, 91, 95 development of, 5, 22-25, 88, 89, 90, 95-97, 101 dopamine receptors, 101, 134 emotional control, 17, 27 gyri and sulci, 25-26 language functions, 26, 27-29 layers, 29, 97 lobes, 23, 25, 90 memory functions, 27, 70 movement control, 25-26 physical areas of, 26, 28, 46, 9293 pyramidal neurons, 9, 97, 134 size of, 19, 22, 91, 94 visual functions, 27, 106, 110 Cerebrum, 65 Chaos theory, 147 Chemical signals, 6, 31, 32-33, 69, 74, 80 Chemical synapses, 30 Chimeric receptors, 79-81 Chimpanzees, 91 Chloride channels, 53, 74 Chloride ions, 53, 74 Chlorine ions, 32 Chlorpromazine, 64, 73 Cholinergic pathways, 58 Cingulate gyrus, 120, 121 Citrulline, 84 Clinical practice, 11-12, 48, 147-148, 154 Clomipramine, 50

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From page 172...

... , 75-76, 78 Dogs, 130 Domenici, Pete V., 2 Dopamine, 101 in cognitive function, 133-135 in movement control, 72-73 in Parkinson's disease, 57-58, 73 production of, 18, 72 prolactin inhibition, 18, 72 in schizophrenia, 73-74 Dopamine blockers, 65, 73 Dopamine receptors, 64, 65, 101, 134 Dopaminergic neurons, 72-73 Down's syndrome, 57 Drinking, 17 Drugs, 79, 85, 88 ACh inhibitors, 70 antidepressant medication, 51, 63, 71, 72 antipsychotic medication, 65 beta-agor~ists, 71 obsessive-compulsive medication, 50-51 opiates, 76-77 panic disorder medication, 51, 52-53 schizophrenia medication, 64, 6566, 73 substance abuse, 3-4, 7, 10, 155156 Dyslexia, 38 E Eating, 17-18 Ectopias, 100 Edelman, Gerald, 128, 142, 144 Education, 149-150 Electrical signals, 6, 31, 67-69, 80, 81-82, 98 Electrical synapses, 30 Electroencephalography (EEG) , 42, 117-118, 133 Embryo, 87 Emotion, 119-120 hypothalamus and, 17 imaging techniques, 39-41

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From page 173...

... , 52-53, 74 Ganglion cells, 107, 108 Genes, 8, 57, 93, 103 Genetics, 8, 145, 146 Alzheimer's disease, 55, 57 brain development, 89-91, 93, 101 manic-depressive disorder, 49 obsessive-compulsive disorder, 50, 52 panic disorder, 52 173 Gill withdrawal reflex, 125 Glandular cells, 75 Glial cells, 95, 96 Glucose, 17, 35, 71 Glutamate, 84, 85, 139-140 Glutamate receptors, 84-85, 139-140 Glutamic acid, 56 Goldman-Rakic, Patricia, 65, 131, 132, 134, 135, 136 Goodwin, Frederick K., 149, 150 Gordis, Enoch, 3, 7, 10 G-proteins, 75, 78, 80 Granule cells, 96 "Gray matter," 9, 31, 42-43, 44 Grignolo, Alberto, 153 Guanosine triphosphate, 75 Guinea pigs, 49 Gyri, 25-26 cingulate gyrus, 120, 121 parahippocampal gyrus, 40 H Hallucinations, 64, 65, 73 Head injury, 2, 50 Hearing, 104-105 Heart, 46 Heartbeat, 15, 16 Hebb, Donald, 139, 140 Hemiballism, 6 Heroin, 77 Hindbrain, 15, 90 Hippocampus, 141 Alzheimer's disease and, 55, 56, 58, 70 blood flow, 56 in limbic system, 22, 40 long-term memory, 124, 139 neurons, 10, 56, 58 in panic disorder, 53 short-term memory, 10, 22, 58 Hippocrates, 46 Hormones, 18 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 148 Hubel, David H., 104, 109, 110, 111, 116

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From page 174...

... MacArthur Foundation, 148 Johnson, Mark, 119 Johnson, Richard T., 61 Judd, Lewis, 66 K Kandel, Eric R., 124, 125, 127, 139 Kidneys, 3 L Langfitt, Thomas W., 150, 154 Language processing, 26, 27-28, 29 INDEX occipital lobe, 118 parietal lobe, 112 PET imaging, 37-39 schizophrenia and, 121 Lateral geniculate nucleus, 106, 108, 109 Adopt, 73 Learning, 8, 123-125, 127, 129, 138 aging and, 55 Alzheimer's disease and, 59 computer simulation, 8, 140 dendrite spines and, 9 ion channels and, 82 PET imaging, 39 Learning disorders, 38 Lee, D., 111 Lefkowitz, Robert, 78, 79, 81 Left hemisphere, 15, 20 language functions, 26, 27, 28, 29, 121 panic disorder and, 40, 41 visual function, 107 Limbic system emotional functions, 21, 124 mood regulation, 65, 71, 73 nervous system connections, 21, 22, 27, 65 opiate receptors, 77 PET imaging, plate 6, 41, 52 Lishman, l., 111 Lithium, 10, 48-49 Lithium carbonate, 49 Liver, 3, 46, 71 Livingstone, Margaret, 111 Lobes, 23, 25 Logical functions, 142 Long-term memory, 22, 27, 124, 125129 Luteinizing hormone, 18 Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) , 72 M McDonell-Pew Cognitive Neuroscience Program, 154 McKhann, Guy M., 54, 55

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From page 175...

... See also Long-term memory; Shortterm memory Alzheimer's disease and, 53, 5556, 58, 59 computer simulation, 140 visual, 27 Mental health, 2, 47-48 Mental illness, 46-48, 145 AIDS-related dementia, 59-62 Alzheimer's disease, 53-59 diagnosis and treatment, 4 genetic transfer, 8 manic-depressive illness, 48-49 mood disorders, 62-63 obsessive-compulsive disorder, 49-51 panic disorder, 51-53 PET imaging, 41 schizophrenia, 64-66 Mental representations, 129-130, 132, 136 Mental retardation, 57 Messenger molecules, 98 Messenger RNA, 5-6 175 Metabolism, 35, 41, 44 Metals, toxic, 55, 56 Microglia, 61 Midbrain, 15, 16, 90 Migraine headaches, 85 Mind, 46-47, 62, 105, 121-122, 123 Mitochondria, 30 Molecular biology, 8, 50, 103, 146, 147 Monkeys attention system, 115, 118 axons, 99, 100 cerebral cortex, 93, 94, 95-96, 101, 130 dopamine receptors, 101, 134 movement perception, 113-114 nervous system development, 91, 94, 95, 99 working memory, 65, 130-131, 132-133, 134, 135 Monocytes, 62 Mood control, 71, 73 Mood disorders, 62-63 Morphine, 77 Motor cortex, plate 7, 19, 24, 26 Mountcastle, Vernon B., 112, 113114, 115 Movement control, 5-6 brainstem, 15-16 cerebellum, 19-20 dopamine and, 72-73 precentral gyros, 25 reticular network, 20 Movement perception, 110, 113115 Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) , 60 Multiple sclerosis, 44 Muscle cells, 75 Muscular movement, 15-16 Mussels, 55-56 Mutation, 57, 86-87, 102 Myasthenia gravis, 70 Myelin sheath axons, 30, 31, 72 imaging, 42-43 pathologies, 44, 60, 61

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From page 176...

... , 11, 48, 49, 64, 145 National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, 54 National Institutes of Health (NIH) , 148, 151, 154 Natural selection, 99 Nerve growth factor, 58, 98, 99 Nerve tracts, 15, 20, 132 Nervous system, 20 AIDS infection, 59-60 Alzheimer's disease and, 55, 59 autonomic nervous system, 17, 70 central nervous system, 1, 69-71, 104 chain of signals, 4 development of, 99, 124-125 electrical signals in, 67 hypothalamus and, 16-17 in learning, 5, 124-125, 129, 138, 139 messenger molecules, 98 movement control, 72-73 proteins in, 128, 129 robot, 143 Neural tangles, 54, 55, 56 Neural tube birth defects, 88 in brain development, 15, 86, 89, 90, 95 Neurobiology, 123-124 Neuroglia, 31 Neurological diseases, 6 Neurology, 146, 153 Neuromodulators, 71, 98 Neurons, 29-31 Alzheimer's disease and, 55, 56 blood flow, 35 cell elimination, 88, 99-100 cell migration, 5, 88, 95-97 cell proliferation, 86, 93-95, 98-99 INDEX cerebral cortex, 25, 29, 131-132, 134 chain of signals, 1, 4, 6 in cognitive function, 134-135 computer models, 140-141, 147 dopaminergic neurons, 72-73 electrical charge, 31, 32, 53, 82, 83 genetic transcription, 126-127 hypothalamus, 17 imaging techniques, 35, 36, 44 ion channels, 81-83 learning and, 5, 82, 138 in memory, 125-126, 128-129, 131-132 motor neurons, 70, 125-126, 127, 128 nerve growth factor and, 58 neuroglia, 31 neurotransmitter synthesis, 69, 71 nitric oxide-forming enzyme in, 85 number of, 86, 88, 138, 155 pineal gland, 18-19 protein synthesis, 126, 127 pyramidal neurons, 9, 97, 134 receptor sites, 32-33, 74-76, 78-81 reticular network, 20 sensory neurons, 125, 126, 127, 128, 139 serotonergic neurons, 72 synapses, 30, 31-32, 88, 91, 97-98, 127, 138, 139-140 thalamus, 16, 20 visual, 110, 113-114 Neuroscience, 2, 3, 4-5, 6-7, 104 and artificial brain, 142 and brain development, 88, 92, 103 and mental illness, 9-11, 46-48, 59, 66, 145-146, 147-148 and psychology, 10-11, 62-63 research directions, 8-9, 11-12, 146-149, 151-157 technological innovations, 7-8 Neurotransmitters, 4 acetylcholine, 69-71

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From page 177...

... , 151-152 Olfactory bulb, 21, 23, 85 Opiates, 76-77 Opsins, 79 Optic chiasm, 107 Optic nerve, 102, 106, 107, 109 Ovulation, 18, 19 177 p Painkillers, 76-77 Pain sensations, 16, 20, 71-72 Panic disorder, plate 6, 39-40, 41, 45, 51-53 Parahippocampal gyros, 40 Parallel processing, 8 Parietal cortex, 132-133 Parietal lobe, 23, 25 in attention system, 115, 116-117, 120 language functions, 112 movement perception, 115 in spatial perception, 112-113, 132-133, 136 visual neurons, 113-115 Parietal lobe syndrome, 112, 116-117 Parkinson's disease, 2, 6, 56, 57-58, 59, 72-73 "Parsimony in nature," 5 Perception, 104-105, 129-130, 142143 Peripheral vision, 111-112, 113-114, 115 Peterson, Steven, 117 Pew Charitable Trusts, 148, 154 Pharmaceutical industry, 148-149 Pheromones, 21 Phospholipase C, 75-76 Phosphorous, 44 Phrenology, 46 Pineal gland, 18-19 Pituitary gland, 14, 17, 18, 85 Pons, 14, 15-16, 96 Positron emission tomography (PET) , 7, 35-37, 45, 50, 110, 133 and attention system, 117, 118, 120 imaging of AIDS-related dementia, plate 2 maying of language recognition, plate 1, 37-39, 116 imaging of panic disorder, plate 6, 39~1, 52 Posner, Michael I., 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120-121

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From page 178...

... 178 Postcentral gyrus, 25 Potassium channels, 31-32, 82-83, 126 Potassium ions, 31 Precentral gyrus, 25-26 Prefrontal cortex dopamine in, 133-134 emotional functions, 27, 65 schizophrenia and, 64-65, 66, 135 in working memory, 65, 66, 130, 131-132, 134, 135, 136 Pregnancy, 10, 45, 86, 88, 91 Pressure sensations, 16 Primates, 66, 129, 136 Private sector, 148-149, 153-155 Prolactin, 18, 72 Protein kineses, 4, 76, 81, 127, 129 Proteins amyloid proteins, 54-55, 57 cell-adhesion proteins, 5, 128-129 G-proteins, 75, 78, 80 in learning, 5, 127-128 second-messenger systems and, 75 in synapses, 30 synthesis of, 126, 127 Psychosomatic disorders, 3 Psychotherapy, 49-50, 65-66 Public Health Service, 148, 151 Purpura, Dominick P., 2-3, 5, 6, 9 Pyramidal neurons, 9, 97, 134 R Raichle, Marcus E., 37-39, 41, 116 Rakic, Pasko, 92-93, 94, 95, 100, 101, 102 Raphe nuclei, 20 Rats, 77, 139 Reading, 26, 38-39 Receptor sites, 9, 32-33, 74-75 acetylcholine receptors, 70, 75 adrenergic receptors, 78-81 chimeric receptors, 79-81 dopamine receptors, 64, 65, 101, 134 INDEX elimination in brain development, 101 GABA receptors, 52-53, 74 glutamate receptors, 84-85, 139140 mapping of, 77-78, 92 norepinephrine receptors, 5, 7475, 78 voltage-gated channels, 31-32, 81-82 Reproductive functions, 19 Reptiles, 21 Research, 146, 147-149, 151, 152-153, 154, 156-157 Reserpine, 63 Reticular activating system, 18, 20-21 Retina, 106, 107, 141 Retrovirus, 89-91 Rhinencephalon, 21 Ribonucleic acid (RNA) messenger, 5-6 synthesis, 126 Right hemisphere, 15, 20, 28-29, 41, 107, 121 Robots, 143 Rubella, 88 S Schizophrenia, 7, 73-74, 147-148 and attention system, 120-121 imaging technologies and, 44 medications, 64, 65-66, 73 and prefrontal cortex, 64-65, 66, 135, 136 Science, 149-150, 155, 157 Scopolamine, 70 Second messengers, 4, 69, 75-76, 78, 80, 98 Sejnowski, Terrence 141, 144 l., 136, 137, 138, Selkoe, Dennis, 57 Senile plaques, 54-55, 57 Senses, 8, 16, 104-105, 110-111, 129130 Sensitization, 72 Serotonergic neurons, 72

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From page 179...

... , 22, 77-78 T-4 cells, 62 Thalamus, 14, 16, 19, 134 connections with cerebral cortex layers, 29, 102 in limbic system, 21, 27 in reticular activating system, 20 Thought, 123 Thyroid-stimulating hormone, 18 Touch, 16, 20, 104-105 Toxic metals, 55, 56 Tranquilizers, 51, 52 Tryptophan, 72 Tumors, plates 3-5, 44 Twins, 49, 50, 52 U Ultrasound imaging, 7-8, 44-45 United States government research funding, 148, 150-151, 152 United States Congress, iv, 2, 163 United States Department of Energy, 148

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From page 180...

... See Short-term memory X X-ray technology, 36, 42, 43, 44, 88, 91 z Zidovudine (AZT) , plate 2, 62

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Index Pages 169-180

Index
Pages 169-180