The Children of Atomic Bomb Survivors A Genetic Study (1991) / Chapter Skim
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A Cohort-Type Study of Survival in the Children of Parents Exposed to Atomic Bombings
A Cohort-Type Study of Survival in the Children of Parents Exposed to Atomic Bombings
Pages 291-326
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From page 291... ...
The purpose of this paper is to describe a continuing study in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the objective of which is to determine through a cohort approach whether the life span of liveborn children one or both of whose parents were exposer] to the mixed radiation spectrum of the atomic bombings differs from that of suitable control children.
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From page 292... ...
The population to be dealt with in this presentation consisted of all children born between May 1, 1946, and December 31, 195S, to parents whose residence at the birth of their child was Hiroshima or Nagasaki and whose exposure status was either known to the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission (ABCC) or could readily be obtained.
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From page 293... ...
The availability through previous or current studies of ABCC of ancillary data of great relevance to the interpretation of an apparent effect of radiation. In the years 194~1953, one facet of the activities of ABCC involved a comprehensive attempt to determine whether the pregnancy terminations occurring to parents, one or both of whom were exposed to the atomic bombs, differed from those occurring to a suitable control.
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From page 294... ...
These latter two samples were to be matched with the former group by sex and year of birth. This procedure yields three major or, if joint parental exposure is consi~lered, nine minor exposure groups, as shown in Fig.
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From page 295... ...
1. A diagrammatic representation of the parental exposures, as implied by distance from hypocenter, associated with the three major and nine minor exposure groups.
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From page 297... ...
for the years January 1, 1954, through December 31, 1958, derived from the Sex Ratio Program. Through city birth records and the records associated with the two programs previously mentioned, it has been possible to obtain information on virtually all births with respect to maternal age, paternal age, parity, birth weight, duration of pregnancy, and year of birth.
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From page 298... ...
Paternal age. Parental ages are highly correlated, and in view of the known effect of maternal age upon early mortality, one would anticipate an effect of paternal age when maternal age is ignored.
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From page 299... ...
To summarize briefly, among the six sources of extraneous variation for which data exist on virtually all births and which are known to be significantly associated with mortality, three, namely, maternal age, paternal age, and parity, differ significantly among the major exposure groups within most samples. These differences are such as to lead to augmented mortality rates within the more heavily exposed groups.
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From page 300... ...
1? 1 general, these differences in distribution of extraneous socioeconomic variables, like those associated untie the variables discussed earlier, are such as to lead to an inflation of mortality rates in the, children of the "heavily" exposed group as contrasted with the other two' comparison groups.
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From page 301... ...
table fails to reveal evidence of a systematic change in mortality experience related to parental major exposure group within ei~er sex in either city. None of the x~ values derived from 12 ~ x 2 contrasts based on the totals for each city-sex-program component approaches significance.
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From page 302... ...
P~ =^ C~ O CD 11 U2 ·_ cq o au IJ z THE CHILDREN OF ATOMIC BOMB SURVIVORS 302
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From page 304... ...
CO CO c~ c~ O O c~ °O ~ ~ 00 c~ co ~ ~ co o~ ~ ~ ~- 1 h ~ c~ ~;14 co ~r oO ~ O O ~ ~ ~ ~ oo u: ~ co c~ Oo_c4~-oo~l 0 W V THE CHILDREN OF ATOMIC BOMB SURVIVORS I~ oo ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~1 0 0 CO C]
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From page 305... ...
11 C~ Ct ~S o £ ood ~o~: ~ o au a 11 z 1 1 THE CHILDREN OF ATOMIC BOMB SURVIVORS .
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From page 306... ...
CAUSE OF DEATH, EXPRESSED AS SPECIFIC DEATH RATES (PER 10,000) BY MAJOR EXPOSURE GROUP e numbers on which these rates are based are also given; they correspond to the appropriate totals in Table 2.
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From page 307... ...
Control of all three variables through classification of the data so diminishes the numbers of observations as to make any conclusion hazardous. We do present in Tables 11 and 19, however, for both sexes, cities, and exposure groups, parity specific death rates and paternal age specific death rates for a fixed maternal age, namely, 2~29, chosen for presentation because this encompasses the largest body of data for any such comparison.
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From page 308... ...
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MATERNAL AGE SPECIFIC DEATH RATES ~ PER 1000 ~ AND MAJOR EXPOSURE GROUP. ~ TOTAL SAMPLE ~ The numbers in parentheses are the numbers of children in that category.
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From page 309... ...
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PATERNAL AGE SPECIFIC DEATH RATES ~ PER 1000 ~ AND MAJOR EXPOSURE GROUP. ~ TOTAL SAMPLE ~ The numbers in parentheses are the n~nbe~r of subjects.
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From page 310... ...
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARITY SPECIFIC DEATH RATES ~ PER 1000 ~ AND MAJOR EXPOSURE GROUP. ~ TOTAL SAMPLE ~ The numbers in parentheses are the number of subjects.
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From page 311... ...
is relatively straight, thus attesting to the effectiveness of the original matching procedure. The significant year-of-birth effects emerge from the changes with time of the proportions of the minor exposure categories within the respective major exposure groups, for which the data were of course unmatched.
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From page 312... ...
DEATH RATES FOR A FIXED MATERNAL AGE ~ 25 29 BY PATERNAL AGE ~ PER 1000 ~ . ~ TOTAL SAMPLE ~ The numbers in parentheses are the number of subjects.
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From page 313... ...
2. The contributions of the nine minor exposure groups to the samples available for each year in the interval 194~1958.
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From page 316... ...
To determine whether the cohorts are adequate in the sense that the frequency of Type II errors is small for a variety of reasonable alternatives to the null hypothesis, we have made the following simplifying assumptions: We have assumed that the test of significance to be used to ascertain whether an irradiation effect has or has not occurred involves either a comparison of the frequency of death in Exposure Group 1 with that in Exposure Group 2, or a comparison of Exposure Group 1 with Exposure Group 3, or, finally, a com 1 ~ ~ c, ..
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From page 317... ...
This failure to demonstrate significant changes in F mortality as a function of parental exposure of course can not be construed as evidence that no genetic effects resulted]
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From page 318... ...
The average dose received by both parents of children in major exposure group 1 thus estimated was 191 and 220 red in Hiroshima and Nagasaki respectively. These averages are perhaps unduly influenced by a relatively few persons to whom the TS7 scale assigns doses presumably incompatible with survival.
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From page 319... ...
, in extensive experiments, has reported a significant reduction in mean number of offspring at weaning ~ age 3 weeks ~ following acute paternal X irradiation. In the largest series, a paternal exposure of 300 r, with mating in the post-sterile period, resulted in a reduction in litter size at weaning of 3.8%.
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From page 320... ...
However, most investigators would probably agree that there is no conflict between the results of the present studies and those with experimental mammals, even with allowance for the inclusion in the radiation spectrum of the atomic bombs of a neutron component with a higher relative biological effectiveness than gamma radiation. Russell (1965)
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From page 321... ...
This is equivalent to saying blat currently ap},roxim`~tely 1 in 14 children in Japan crying before age 8 does so hee,~se of dominant mutation in the preceding generation. If this assump c, THE CHILDREN OF ATOMIC BOMB SURVIVORS 321
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From page 322... ...
have shown that for both male and female mice, the greater the dose rate the higher the yield of mutations for a given dose. The radiation received by the survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was delivered at a relatively high dose rate.
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From page 323... ...
The average number of years at risk is nine but varies from three to 15 years. Though the comparison groups differ significantly with respect to certain extraneous sources of variation in mortality, notably, parental ages and birth rank, the failure to observe significant mortality differences among the exposure groups is not attributable to the existence of this concomitant variation.
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From page 324... ...
1966. Some further observations on the sex ratio among infants born to survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
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