Environmental Neurotoxicology (1992) / Chapter Skim
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1. Introduction: Defining the Problem of Neurotoxicity
1. Introduction: Defining the Problem of Neurotoxicity
Pages 9-20
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From page 9... ...
We use the term "environmental neurotoxicity" to refer broadly to adverse neural responses to exposures to all external, extragenetic factors (e.g., occupational exposures, lifestyle factors, and exposures to pharmaceuticals, foods, and radiation) ; it does not refer merely to the toxic effects of chemicals that are present in the environment as contaminants of air, water, and soil.
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From page 10... ...
10 TABLE 1-1 Partial List of Neurotoncants ENVIRONMENTAL NEUROTOXICOLOC;Y Acetone Acetonitrile Acrylamide Adriamycin Aliphatic hydrocarbons ALkanes A~1 styrene po~mers Aluminum Ammonia N-Amyl acetate Aniline Antimony sulfide Aromatic hydrocarbons Benzene Butanol Butyl acetate Cadmium Carbon disulfide Carbon mononde Carbon tetrachloride Chlordane Chlordecone Chlonnated hydrocarbons Chlorobenzene ,6-Chloroprene Chromium omdes Cresol Cycl oh ex an o l Cycl oh ex an o ne Diacetone alcohol o-Dichlorobenzene Dichlorodiflu oromethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Dichlorotetrafluoroethane Dicylcopentadiene Dimethylaminopropionitrile Dinitrobenzene Diphenylamine Dyes Ergot Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethylene glycol Excitatory aniino acids Fonnaldehyde Glycerol Gold salts Hexane 2,5-Hexanedione Lead and lead-containing compounds Isophorone Lithium grease Manganese Mercury and mercury-contarrung compounds Methanol Methyl acetate Methyl nitrite 1-Methyl~phenyl-1,2,3,~tetrahydropyridine (MPl P) 1-Nitrophenyl-3-~3-pyridylmethyl)
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From page 11... ...
, but the results of some early injuries may become evident only as the nervous system matures and ages (Rodier et al., 1975~. The observation that some neurologic and psychiatric disorders are of environmental origin is not new (see Table 1-3~.
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14 Cal o o ,_ ~ o en, .
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, a byproduct of illicit synthetic-heroin production, causes an irreversible syndrome that closely resembles parkinsonism (Langston et al., 19834; and exposure to manganese can produce parkinsonism and dyskinesia (Cook et al., 1974~. In the realm of developmental neurotoxicity, early gestational exposure to ionizing radiation is asso elated with microcephaly and mental retardation (Otake and Schull, 1984~; infants born to women who use cocaine during pregnancy display significant depression of nervous system response to environmental stimuli and other congenital anomalies (Shepard, 1989~; heavy ingestion of alcohol by pregnant women produces a syndrome of craniofacial abnormalities and mental retardation in their children (Jones and Smith, 1973)
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From page 16... ...
For example, the tricyclic antidepressants have a desired therapeutic activity at a low dose, but produce life-threatening anticholinergic effects at higher doses; the antineoplastic drug cis-platinum is a valuable chemotherapeutic agent, but can cause toxic neuropathies; antipsychotic drugs can produce disabling movement disorders; and some antibacterial agents can trigger loss of hearing and balance (Sterman and Schaumburg, 1980~. Some substances valued for their relatively selective neuroactivity, such as ethanol, are particularly likely to have simultaneous neurotoxicity (Goldstein and Kalant, 1990~.
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From page 17... ...
noted that O'Donoghue's calculation could be an underestimate and should not be considered a firm basis for extrapolation of risk until broader and more systematic surveys of the neurotoxicity of chemicals in commercial use have been undertaken. In addition to unwanted contact with pollutants or contaminants and inadvertent exposures to industrial products, voluntary exposures to many legal and illegal materials can cause neurotoxic effects (OTA, 1984~.
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From page 18... ...
Disease is prevented by restricting or banning the use of chemicals found to be neurotoxic or by instituting engineering controls and imposing protective devices at points of environmental release and potential human exposure. Given the current absence of data on neurotoxicity of most chemicals in commerce, an extensive program of primary prevention through toxicologic evaluation is needed.
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From page 19... ...
The committee first reviewed current knowledge of environmental neurotoxicity, paying special attention to the types of neurologic injury caused by chemicals in the environment, to determine the overall extent of the problem of environmental neurotoxicity. We investigated ways in which improved biologic markers of neurotoxicity (markers of subtle and subclinical effects, of exposure to neurotoxicants, and of
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