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From page 297... ... Index A Advisory boards, 12, 17-18, 284 Africa, 2, 3, 4-5, 32, 43, 56, 68, 217-218, 223, 225, 226, 284 surveillance, vectors, 118, 127 Agency for International Development, 7, 44, 45, 47-48, 49, 50, 51, 157 Agriculture, 223, 259-261 irrigation and malaria, 218-219, 259, 261 migrant workers, 2, 4 plains malaria, 220 AIDS, 47, 52, 73, 74, 78, 82, 160 diagnostic tests and transfusion, transmission of, 13, 56, 60-61, 62, 164, 213 Amino acids, 96, 97, 153, 179 Aminoglycoside antibiotics, 156 Anemia, 13, 24, 61-62, 64, 65 Animal models antimosquito vaccines, 195-196 cerebral malaria, 60 drug effects, 157-160, 161 vaccine actions, 173, 176, 178, 180, 181, 189, 190, 192, 194, 195 Anopheles, 4, 26, 27, 29, 40, 119-122, 124, 125, 136, 172, 222, 259, 260, 262, 263 An. arabiensis, 217, 263 An. Read the entire page →
From page 298... ... vaccine development, 133, 173-174, 178-179, 182, 183-186, 188, 191-193, 195, 197 vector ingestion of human, 123 see also Immunoassays Antigens, 95, 99-100 erythrocyte surface, 188 immunoassays, 77, 79, 82, 85, 86 liver, 170, 172, 177 neoantigens, 99-100 transmission-blocking vaccines, 194 vaccines, 170, 177-178, 180, 188-189, 191, 194 variation, 102-103 see also Cell-mediated immunity Antimalarial drugs, see Drugs, antimalarial Army Medical Research and Development Command, 49, 153 Artermisinin, 148, 155-156, 162 Assays, 73, 77-78, 181, 124, 139 ELISA, 77-78, 80, 81, 127 immunoassays, general, 77-79, 82, 85, 86 in vitro techniques, 45, 66, 96, 109, 122, 138, 155, 158, 170, 173, 198, 229 radioimmunoassays, 78-79 vaccine development, 181 vector studies, 122, 126 Asymptomatic infections, 22, 74, 212-214, 234 Autologous red blood cell agglutination, assay, 82 B B-cells, 174, 177, 178 Bacillus thuringiensis israeliensis, 35 Bedners, 35, 130, 131, 132, 223, 228, 235-236 Behavioral factors, 8, 223-224, 226, 257, 264-265, 271-272 clothing, protective, 35 research, 13-14, 258, 271-274 see also Cultural factors; Migration; Social factors; Travel and tourism Beta-lactam antibiotics, 156 Biochemistry, general, 90, 107, 163 see also Drugs; Vaccines Biological control agents, vectors, 35, 133-134, 229 Board for the Coordination of Malaria Studies, 157 BW566c, 160 C California, 3-4 Cell-mediated immunity, 174-182 passim, 186, 189, 193, 194 immunoglobulin, 123, 179 Centers for Disease Control, 48, 51, 157 Cerebral malaria, 13, 57-61, 23, 65, 265 Children, 4-5, 13, 47, 169, 184, 189, 213, 215, 218, 234 antimalarial drugs, 158, 184, 225 bednets, 228 endemics, 33, 146, 222-223 severe malaria, 58, 61, 62, 66-67, 145-146, 169, 189, 211, 220, 225, 244 China, 155 Chloramphenicol, 156 Chlorguanil, 153 Chloroquine, 3, 4, 5, 35, 45, 60, 64, 107-108, 129, 144, 147, 148, 150-151, 156, 157, 160-161, 267, 268, 269 Chlorproguanil, 153 Chlorpromazine, 161 Chronic complications, 27, 63, 145, 147, 222 Circumsporozoite protein (CS protein) , 91, 175-181 Civil War, 39 Classification, see Taxonomy Climate, 28, 30, 218, 219, 222 see also Seasonal factors Clindamycin, 156 Clinical factors, 23-24, 57-64 pathogenesis, 13, 65 research, 65 INDEX 298 Read the entire page →
From page 299... ... see also Diagnosis; Symptoms Clinical immunity, 24, 108, 129, 132, 146, 172, 173, 213, 218 P falciparum, 146, 213 research, 108, 129, 132 Clinical trials, 161-162, 170, 190-191, 198 Cloning, 100, 102, 103-104, 163 monoclonal antibodies, 77, 82, 178-179, 188, 191-192, 193 Clothing, protective, 35 Coastal zones, 220-221 Control strategies, general, 1-2, 6, 10-11, 15-20, 34-36, 284 biological agents, 35, 133-134, 229 community participation, 269-271, 273-274 cost-effectiveness, 131, 240-243, 244, 246, 247-252, 257-258 decentralization, programs, 216, 234 economic factors, general, 10, 237-253 epidemiology and, 212-214, 215-236 eradication, 41-45, 212, 232, 263, 274 funding, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13-14, 15, 44 historical perspective, 41-45 larvicides, 35, 130, 131, 228 larvivorous fish, 35, 123, 131 local programs, 16-17, 226, 232, 233, 234, 238, 240, 243-244, 245, 252, 257 program evaluation, 18, 233, 253, 269, 273-274 program planning, 216, 230-234, 257, 269, 273-274 research on, 12, 13-14, 15-20, 139-140 social and behavioral factors, 13-14, 257, 258, 264-271 vectors, 15, 119, 129-134, 140, 243, 244, 269, 270 zooprophylaxis, 228 see also Drugs; Insecticides; Vaccines Convulsions, 60, 154 Coordination, see Management and managers; Organizational factors; Policy Costs and cost-effectiveness, 2, 18, 19, 131, 240-243 control strategies, general, 131, 240-243, 244, 246, 247-252, 257-258 diagnostic tests, 73, 82 insecticides, 133, 244 larval control, 131 vaccines, 195 Cultural factors, 13-14, 223-224, 264-274 Cytoadherence, 98-99, 108 D DDT, 35, 41, 42, 44-45, 132-133, 259 Demographic factors, 214-215, 222-223, 259 migrant workers, 2, 4, 260, 262 migration, other, 2, 223, 260, 261-262, 264 population exposed, 32 see also Cultural factors; Epidemiology; Migration; Military personnel; Social factors Department of Defense, 11, 49-50, 52, 157-158 Army Medical Research and Development Command, 49, 153 Naval Medical Research Institute, 49-50 see also Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Desert fringe malaria, 219 Development projects, 226, 261, 281 Developmental biology, 107 Diagnosis, 3, 13, 16, 24-25, 56, 73-86, 214 costs, 73, 82 international programs, 158 via microscope, 75, 76, 158 national screening programs, 157 urine, diagnosis using, 158 see also Assays; Symptoms DNA, 79-81, 82, 86, 108-109, 126, 150, 151 vaccine development, 177, 180, 192, 194, 197 INDEX 299 Read the entire page →
From page 300... ... Doxycycline, 147, 156 Drugs, antimalarial, 10, 11, 15, 16, 34-35, 64-65, 120, 129, 140, 144-165, 280 administration, 144, 164 animal models, 157-160, 161 antibiotics, 147, 148, 156, 160 children and, 158, 184, 225 cultural belief, 268 drug resistance, 1, 3, 5, 10, 34-35, 45, 56, 60, 66, 103, 107-108, 144, 145, 147, 149, 150, 151, 152-153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 160-161, 162-163, 226, 229, 235, 284 economic factors influencing development, 153, 158-159, 160, 195, 226 epidemiological factors, 211, 225-226, 227, 229, 235 evaluation, 64-65 funding, 11, 45, 52 genetics, 103, 104, 148, 150, 151 guidelines, 17, 63, 146, 229, 224, 246, 272 historic perspectives, 35, 39, 148, 150, 154, 155, 156-158, 160 liver, effects on, 145, 148-149, 156 P falciparum 35, 45, 103, 147-148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153-155, 156, 158, 161, 162-163, 229 P Read the entire page →
From page 301... ... children and, 33, 146, 222-223 clinical immunity, 24, 108, 129, 132, 146, 172, 173, 213, 218 vaccines, 181 Entomological inoculation rate, 126, 128, 129, 136, 137 Environmental issues, 30 biological agents, 133-134 insecticides, 44-45, 118, 132-133 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) , 77-78, 80, 81, 127 Epidemics, 10, 33, 219, 285 Epidemiology, 30-34, 118, 211-236 Centers for Disease Control, 48, 51 control strategies and, 212-214, 215-236 diagnostic tests and, 84, 86 drugs, 211, 225-226, 227, 229, 235 economics and, 213, 223-225, 226, 242, 246-253, 264 entomological inoculation rate, 126, 128, 129, 136, 137 geographical factors, 22, 30-32, 122, 124, 125, 127, 213, 217-222, 238 historical perspectives, 212, 215, 232, 259 immunology and, 24, 32, 66, 212, 213, 222-223, 234 infection versus disease, 22, 74, 212-214, 234 microepidemiology, 135-136, 243-244 parasites, general, 221-222 P Read the entire page →
From page 302... ... Foreign aid, 5, 8 development projects, 226, 261, 281 surveillance, 10 World Bank, 9, 158 see also Agency for International Development Foreign countries, general control strategies, 1-2, 6 incidence, 1, 2 political instability, 45 Forest malaria, 218, 220, 223 Funding, 7-21 passim, 46 antimalarial drugs, 11, 45 control strategies, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13-14, 15, 44 drug development, 11, 45, 52 eradication, 43 federal, 47-53 see also Foreign aid G Gametocytes, 26, 27, 92-94, 121, 122, 137, 140, 145, 148, 149, 193, 227 Genetics, 24, 100-106 antimalarial drugs, 103, 104, 148, 150, 151 cloning, 100, 102, 103-104, 163 immune response, 32, 150, 180-181, 191, 194-195 monoclonal antibodies, 77, 82, 178-179, 188, 191-192, 193 mutation, 101-102, 103 parasites, 100-106, 109, 163 probe assays, 77, 79-81, 82, 85, 86 research, 107-109 vectors, 118, 121, 126, 133, 134, 138, 139 see also DNA; RNA Geographic factors, 30 access to health care, distance, 223, 283 coastal zones, 220-221 desert fringes, 219 drugs sensitivities, 56 epidemiology, 22, 30-32, 122, 124, 125, 127, 213, 217-222, 238 forests, 218, 220, 223 highland fringes, 219 plains, 220 P falciparum, 32, 124, 260 P Read the entire page →
From page 303... ... blood-stage, 92-98, 106, 153, 156, 170 see also Merozoites; Schizogony; Sporogony Housing, 131, 223-224, 262 Hydroxynaphthoquinones, 160 Hyperendemicity, 33-34 Hypoendemicity, 33, 34 Hypoglycemia, 59, 60, 61, 149 I Immigration, see Migration Immunoassays, 77-78, 126, 127-128, 139 antigens and, 77-79, 82, 85, 86 ELISA, 77-78, 80, 81, 127 radioimmunoassays, 78-79 Immunoglobulin, 123, 179 Immunology, 3, 24, 64, 123-124, 196-197 cell-mediated immunity, 174-182 passim, 186, 189, 193, 194 endemicity and immunity, 24, 108, 129, 132, 146, 172, 173, 213, 218 epidemiologic factors, 24, 32, 66, 212, 213, 222-223, 234 genetics of, 32, 150, 180-181, 191, 194-195 host defence evasions, 98-100 interferon, 174-175, 189 irradiated sporozoites, 6, 45, 105, 160, 173, 196, 197 migration and, 262 research, 8, 14-15, 66, 106, 196-198 vector factors, 6, 45, 105, 123-124, 126 see also Antibodies; Antigens; Assays; Vaccines In vitro techniques, 45, 66, 96, 109, 122, 138, 155, 158, 170, 173, 198, 229 Indian National Malaria Eradication Program, 263 Information, see Education and training Insecticides, 16, 35, 130-131, 132, 227, 285 Africa, use in, 3 bednets, impregnated with, 35, 130, 131, 132, 223, 228, 235-236 cost-effectiveness, 133, 244 DDT, 35, 41, 42, 44-45, 132-133, 259 environmental issues, 44-45, 118, 132-133 larvicides, 35, 130, 131, 228 resistance to, 1, 42, 132, 257-258, 259 Insect repellents, 35, 131 Institute of Medicine, 6-7, 216, 283 Interferon, 174-175, 189 International Congress on Primary Heath Care, 44 International perspectives, 1, 41-42, 44, 46-47 multinational business, 10 United Nations, 9, 41, 42, 44, 45, 158, 271 United Nations Development Program/ World Bank/World Health Organization Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, 9, 45, 46, 158, 171 World Bank, 9, 158 see also Foreign countries; World Health Organization Irradiation, 6, 45, 105, 170, 173, 175, 196, 197 Irrigation systems, 218-219, 259, 261 K Karyotypes, 101 Kidneys, 23, 63 L Laboratory studies, 137-139 in vitro techniques, 45, 66, 96, 109, 122, 138, 155, 158, 170, 173, 198, 229 P falciparum culturing, 45, 79, 81, 122, 158, 170, 198, 229 P Read the entire page →
From page 304... ... vectors, 120, 137-139 see also Assays Larvae, 35, 119, 228 ecology of, 123, 124, 125, 130, 263 fish, larvivorous, 35, 123, 131 larvicides, 35, 130, 131, 228 Legal issues, 262 Life cycles of mosquitos, 27-28, 34, 40, 42, 123; see also Larveae of P falciparum, 91-99 passim, 121, 122, 182, 183 of parasites, 25-27, 39-40, 90-94, 105-108, 119, 120-121, 122, 171, 193 see also Merozoites; Schizogony; Sporogony Lipids, 98, 189 Liver, 26, 91-92, 105-106 antigens, 170, 172, 177 drug effects, 145, 148-149, 156 hepatitis, 73, 74, 179, 213 vaccines and, 171-172, 174, 176, 177, 197 Local programs and factors control, 16-17, 216, 226, 232, 233, 234, 238, 240, 243-244, 245, 252, 257 community participation, 269-271, 273-274 development projects, 226 drug sensitivities, 56 economics, 238, 240, 243-244, 252 education and training, 17, 229, 232 microepidemiology, 135-136, 243-244 operational research, 232 vector populations, 119, 129 Logistics, 233, 268-269 M Macrogametocyte, 26, 120 Macrophages, 189 Management and managers, 19, 231, 233, 244, 245 training of, 20, 21, 231-232, 252 Mathematical models, 42 Mefloquine, 147, 148, 150, 153-154, 156, 158 Merozoites, 26-27, 61, 91, 92-93, 106 vaccines, 171-172, 184-185, 186-188, 191-192 Meseoendemicity, 33, 34 Microgametocyte, 26, 120 Microscopy, 75, 76, 158 Migrant workers, 2, 4, 260, 262 Migration, 2, 223, 260, 261-262, 264 Military personnel, 8, 39, 40, 49-50, 148, 156-157, 223, 227 Civil War, 39 Vietnam, 40, 157, World War II, 40, 41, 148, 150, 154, 156-157 see also Department of Defense Mitochondria, 97-98, 107, 160 Models, 42 see also Paradigm approach Molecular biology, see Genetics Monoclonal antibodies, 77, 82, 178-179, 188, 191,-192, 193 Monocytes, 174 Morbidity and mortality, 56, 132, 214-215, 229, 238, 247 Mosquitoes, 27-29, 93-94, 118-140, 280-281 antibodies, human, ingestion by, 133 assays, 122, 126 biological control agents, 35, 133-134, 229 community control programs, 16 control, general, 15, 119, 129-134, 140, 243, 244, 269-270 demographic factors, 119 education on, 134-135 epidemiology and, 123, 124-125, 129-134, 217, 219, 222, 227-228 feeding behavior, 28-29 field studies, 120, 122, 125-126, 128-129, 135-137, 138-139, 140 genetics, 118, 121, 126, 133, 134, 138, 139 geographic distribution, 122, 124, 125, 127, 136-137, 259 INDEX 304 Read the entire page →
From page 305... ... immunological factors, 6, 45, 105, 123-124, 126 insect repellents, 35, 131 insecticide resistance, 1, 42, 132, 257-259 lab studies, 120, 137-139 life cycle, 27-28, 34, 40, 42, 123; see also Larvae local factors, 119, 129 parasites, interactions with, 93-94, 120-129, 137-138 personal protection from, 16, 227; see also Bednets; Clothing primary versus secondary vectors, 124 research on, 8, 15, 120, 135-140 taxonomy, 125 temperature factors, 28, 30, 105, 124 urban areas, 263 vaccines against, 118, 133, 137, 139, 169, 172, 195-196 vectorial capacity, 126-127 WHO Programs, 126, 132-133 see also Anopheles; Insecticides; Larvae N National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 7, 50, 52, 53 National Institutes of Health, 7, 9, 50, 52, 157 National Research Council, 134, 157 Naval Medical Research Institute, 49-50 Neoantigens, 99-100 North America, malaria in, 38-39 see also United States O Operational research, 20, 232, 233, 243-244, 259 Organizational factors, 243, 268-269 advisory boards, 12, 17-18, 284 decentralization, control programs, 216, 234 logistics, 233, 268-269 policy, general, 231, 237, 244-246, 252 program evaluation, 18, 233, 269, 273-274 program planning, 216, 230-234, 257, 269, 273-274 research coordination, 11-12 see also Management and managers P Pamaquine, 156 Pan American Sanitary Commission, 42 Paradigm approach, 18-19, 216-230, 235, 247, 250-252, 279-282, 285-286 Parasites, causing malaria, 90-109, 280 education on, 104-105 epidemiology and, 221-222 erythrocytes, general, 92-100 passim, 102, 106 feeding behavior, 94-95, 105 field studies of transmission, 122, 125-126 genetics, 100-106, 109, 163 life cycle, 25-27, 39-40, 90-94, 105-108, 119, 120-121, 122, 171, 193; see also Merozoites; Schizogony; Sporogony research on, 8, 104-109 vectors, interactions with, 93-94, 120-129, 137-138 see also Host-parasite interactions; and specific parasites Pathogenesis, 13, 65, 189 Peace Corps, 67-68 Penfluridol, 150 Pesticides, see Insecticides Phenothiazines, 161 Plains malaria, 220 Plasmodium cynomolgi, 180 Plasmodium falciparum, 1, 5, 22-27, 40, 65 antimosquito vaccines, 133 clinical immunity, 146, 213 culturing of, 45, 79, 81, 122, 158, 170, 198, 229 INDEX 305 Read the entire page →
From page 306... ... drug-resistance, 35, 45, 103, 147-148, 149, 150, 151, 154, 156, 163, 229 drugs, effective, 152, 153-155, 158, 161, 162-163, 229 epidemiology, 213, 221, 222, 260 genetics, 101-104, 109 geographic distribution, 32, 124, 260 life cycle, 91-99 passim, 121-122, 182, 183 severe malaria, 23, 57-59, 66-67, 144, 182, 183, 213, 221, 222 vaccines, 133, 175, 176, 177, 178, 180, 181, 182, 186-194, passim Plasmodium knowlesi, 152, 180 Plasmodium malariae, 22, 63, 121, 146 geographic distribution, 32 recurrence, 27 Plasmodium ovale, 22, 27, 145, 146 Plasmodium vivax, 1, 22, 27, 40, 95, 121 culturing, 81, 93, 163-164, 198 drug-resistant strains, 35, 150, 152, 161, 164 drugs, effective, 145, 146, 156, 161, 163-164 geographic distribution, 30, 32, 124, 220, 221-222 vaccines, 175, 178-179, 187-188, 190, 194, 195 Pneumocytis carinii, 160 Policy, 231, 237, 244-246, 252 advisory boards, 12, 17-18, 284 Polymerase chain reaction method, 80-81, 156 Population factors, see Cultural factors; Demographic factors; Migration; Social factors Pregnancy, 4, 13, 24, 60, 62, 64, 67, 211, 213, 234, 267 antimalarial drugs, 153-154, 158, 244 Primaquine, 147, 148-149, 157, 160 Private sector, 46 drug companies, 153, 158-159, 160, 171 health care, 225, 246, 253 multinational businesses, 10 Problem-solving, see Operational research Proguanil, 147, 153, 157 Projections, 57, 73, 90, 118, 144, 169, 211, 237, 257 Proteins, 91, 101-104, 109, 162, 163 immunoglobulin, 123, 179 interferon, 174-175, 189 vaccine development, 172, 175-179, 181-182, 185-189 passim, 191 Pulmonary edema, 62 Pyrimethamine, 151-153, 154, 157 Q Quantitative buffy coat technique, 76 Quinazoline, 161 Quinine, 39, 60, 147, 148, 149-150, 154 Quinoline drugs, 107, 105, 150, 159-160, 162-163 see also specific drugs R Radioimmunoassays, 78-79, 158 Rainfall, 218 Red blood cells see Erythrocytes Relapse, see Chronic complications Research, 8, 12-15, 65-68, 284 antimalarial drugs, 66-68, 140, 144, 155, 156-165, 171-172, 190 clinical community, 108, 129, 132 clinical trials, 161-162, 170, 190-191, 198 control strategies, 12, 13-14, 15-20, 130-140 coordination of, 11-12 diagnosis, 77, 76-82, 84-86 economics, 238-242, 252-253 epidemiology, 135, 234-236, 147 eradication, 43 field, 6, 9 funding, 7-21 passim, 44, 45, 46-53 genetics, 107-109 immunology, 8, 14-15, 66, 106, 196-198 operational, 20, 232, 233, 243-244, 259 parasites, 8, 104-109 INDEX 306 Read the entire page →
From page 307... ... pathogenesis, 13, 65 social and behavior factors, 13-14, 258, 271-274 treatment, 65-66 vaccines, 6, 8, 14-15, 170, 196-198 vectors, 8, 15, 120, 135-140 see also Evaluation; Field studies; Laboratories studies Rifampicin, 156 RNA, 80, 104, 156 S Savannah lands, 217-218, 220, 223 Schizogony, 24-25, 26-27, 61, 93, 188 drugs, 129, 149, 158, 162 see also specific schizonticidal drugs Seashore malaria, 220-221 Seasonal factors, 129, 132, 137, 217-218, 220, 222 Secondary metabolism, 164-165 Severe and complicated malaria, 13, 16, 23, 57-63, 64, 65, 144, 211, 219, 234 cerebral malaria, 13, 57-61, 23, 65, 265 chronic complications, 27, 63, 145, 147, 222 P falciparum, 23, 57-59, 66-67, 144, 182, 183, 213, 221, 222 vaccines against, 169, 189 see also Children; Pregnancy Skin patch administration, drugs, 164 Sleeping habits, 224 bednets, 35, 130, 131, 132, 223, 228, 235-236 Social factors, 13-14, 223-224, 240, 242, 257-274, 280 community participation, 269-271, 273-274 historical perspective, 258, 259, 260, 263 housing, 131, 223-224, 262 political instability, 45 professional training about, 20 research, 13-14, 258, 271-274 see also Migration Spleen, 33, 61-62, 63 Sporogony, 26, 30, 91, 94, 105, 106, 120-126 passim, 128, 138, 176-177 circumsporozoite protein, 175-176 irradiation, 6, 45, 105, 170, 173, 175, 196, 197 vaccine development, 133, 171, 172-182, 190, 196, 197 Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 152 Sulfa drugs, 152, 154 Surveillance, 9-10, 67-68, 118, 127-128, 136-137, 229, 232-233, 282, 285 Switzerland, 4 Symptoms, 23, 74, 267 asymptomatic infections, 22, 74, 212-214, 234 fever, 25, 27, 38, 266 convulsions, 60, 154 T T cells, 174, 175, 176, 177, 179-181, 182, 189, 193, 194 Tanzania, 5 Taxonomy entomology, 125 nosological fusion, 267-268 paradigm approach, 18-19, 216-230, 235, 247, 250-252, 279-282, 285-286 Temperature factors, 28, 30, 105, 120-121, 124 Temporal factors, 242-243 infection progression, 66-67, 120-121 seasonality, 129, 132, 137, 217-218, 220, 222 vaccines, duration of protection, 181-182 see also Seasonal factors Tetracylines, 147, 148, 156 Training, see Education and training Transportation, 223 access to health care, distance, 223, 283 INDEX 307 Read the entire page →
From page 308... ... Travel and tourism, 2-3, 4, 5, 8, 131, 223 antimalarial drugs, 3, 64, 65-66, 131, 172, 179, 181 information on, 56 Treatment, 6, 16, 65-66, 235, 257 access to the health care, distance, 223, 283 cost, versus control strategies, 244 guidelines, 17, 63, 146, 229, 244, 246, 272 see also Drugs; Health care personnel Trophozoites, 95 Tumor necrosis factor, 59, 61, 189 U Uncomplicated malaria, general, 63-64 United Kingdom, 153 United Nations, 9, 41, 42, 45, 158, 271 United Nations Development Program/ Word Bank/Word Health Organization Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Disease, 9, 45, 46, 168, 271 United States DDT, 44-45 historical perspective, 38-39, 43, 47-53 see also Federal government Urban areas, 119, 131, 219-220, 250-251, 257, 262-264 Urine, diagnosis using, 158 V Vaccines animal models, 173, 178, 180, 181, 189, 190, 192, 194, 195-196 antibodies, 133, 173-174, 178-179, 182, 183-186, 188, 191-193, 195, 197 antigens, 170, 177-178, 180, 180, 188-189, 191, 194 antimalarial, 6, 8, 11, 14-15, 36, 45, 52, 128-129, 156, 169-195, 196-198 antimosquito, 118, 133, 137, 139, 169, 172, 195-196 assays, 181 blood-stage, general, 128, 182-192 children, 169, 184, 189 cost, 195 DNA, 177, 180, 192, 194, 197 duration and protection, 181-182 economics, 171 endemicity and, 181 entomological components, 128-129, 192-195 epidemiological factors, 211, 235 erythrocytes, 170, 171-172, 173, 175-177, 182-192, passim evaluation, general, 129, 170 field studies, 128-129, 137, 140 historical perspective, 172-173 liver, effects on, 171-172, 174, 176, 177, 197 merzoites, 171-172, 184-185, 186-188, 191-192 P falciparum, 133, 175, 176, 177, 178, 180, 181, 182, 186-194, passim P Read the entire page →
From page 309... ... World Health Organization, 9, 41, 42, 43-44, 45, 46, 48, 51, 271 antimalarial; drugs, 153, 154, 155, 157, 158, 159 epidemiology, 212, 14, 215-216, 285 vector biology and control, 126, 132-133 World War II, 40, 41, 148, 150, 154, 156-157 WR 238605, 159-160 Z Zooprophylaxis, 228 INDEX 309 Read the entire page →

From page 297...

... Index A Advisory boards, 12, 17-18, 284 Africa, 2, 3, 4-5, 32, 43, 56, 68, 217-218, 223, 225, 226, 284 surveillance, vectors, 118, 127 Agency for International Development, 7, 44, 45, 47-48, 49, 50, 51, 157 Agriculture, 223, 259-261 irrigation and malaria, 218-219, 259, 261 migrant workers, 2, 4 plains malaria, 220 AIDS, 47, 52, 73, 74, 78, 82, 160 diagnostic tests and transfusion, transmission of, 13, 56, 60-61, 62, 164, 213 Amino acids, 96, 97, 153, 179 Aminoglycoside antibiotics, 156 Anemia, 13, 24, 61-62, 64, 65 Animal models antimosquito vaccines, 195-196 cerebral malaria, 60 drug effects, 157-160, 161 vaccine actions, 173, 176, 178, 180, 181, 189, 190, 192, 194, 195 Anopheles, 4, 26, 27, 29, 40, 119-122, 124, 125, 136, 172, 222, 259, 260, 262, 263 An. arabiensis, 217, 263 An.

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From page 298...

... vaccine development, 133, 173-174, 178-179, 182, 183-186, 188, 191-193, 195, 197 vector ingestion of human, 123 see also Immunoassays Antigens, 95, 99-100 erythrocyte surface, 188 immunoassays, 77, 79, 82, 85, 86 liver, 170, 172, 177 neoantigens, 99-100 transmission-blocking vaccines, 194 vaccines, 170, 177-178, 180, 188-189, 191, 194 variation, 102-103 see also Cell-mediated immunity Antimalarial drugs, see Drugs, antimalarial Army Medical Research and Development Command, 49, 153 Artermisinin, 148, 155-156, 162 Assays, 73, 77-78, 181, 124, 139 ELISA, 77-78, 80, 81, 127 immunoassays, general, 77-79, 82, 85, 86 in vitro techniques, 45, 66, 96, 109, 122, 138, 155, 158, 170, 173, 198, 229 radioimmunoassays, 78-79 vaccine development, 181 vector studies, 122, 126 Asymptomatic infections, 22, 74, 212-214, 234 Autologous red blood cell agglutination, assay, 82 B B-cells, 174, 177, 178 Bacillus thuringiensis israeliensis, 35 Bedners, 35, 130, 131, 132, 223, 228, 235-236 Behavioral factors, 8, 223-224, 226, 257, 264-265, 271-272 clothing, protective, 35 research, 13-14, 258, 271-274 see also Cultural factors; Migration; Social factors; Travel and tourism Beta-lactam antibiotics, 156 Biochemistry, general, 90, 107, 163 see also Drugs; Vaccines Biological control agents, vectors, 35, 133-134, 229 Board for the Coordination of Malaria Studies, 157 BW566c, 160 C California, 3-4 Cell-mediated immunity, 174-182 passim, 186, 189, 193, 194 immunoglobulin, 123, 179 Centers for Disease Control, 48, 51, 157 Cerebral malaria, 13, 57-61, 23, 65, 265 Children, 4-5, 13, 47, 169, 184, 189, 213, 215, 218, 234 antimalarial drugs, 158, 184, 225 bednets, 228 endemics, 33, 146, 222-223 severe malaria, 58, 61, 62, 66-67, 145-146, 169, 189, 211, 220, 225, 244 China, 155 Chloramphenicol, 156 Chlorguanil, 153 Chloroquine, 3, 4, 5, 35, 45, 60, 64, 107-108, 129, 144, 147, 148, 150-151, 156, 157, 160-161, 267, 268, 269 Chlorproguanil, 153 Chlorpromazine, 161 Chronic complications, 27, 63, 145, 147, 222 Circumsporozoite protein (CS protein) , 91, 175-181 Civil War, 39 Classification, see Taxonomy Climate, 28, 30, 218, 219, 222 see also Seasonal factors Clindamycin, 156 Clinical factors, 23-24, 57-64 pathogenesis, 13, 65 research, 65 INDEX 298

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From page 299...

... see also Diagnosis; Symptoms Clinical immunity, 24, 108, 129, 132, 146, 172, 173, 213, 218 P falciparum, 146, 213 research, 108, 129, 132 Clinical trials, 161-162, 170, 190-191, 198 Cloning, 100, 102, 103-104, 163 monoclonal antibodies, 77, 82, 178-179, 188, 191-192, 193 Clothing, protective, 35 Coastal zones, 220-221 Control strategies, general, 1-2, 6, 10-11, 15-20, 34-36, 284 biological agents, 35, 133-134, 229 community participation, 269-271, 273-274 cost-effectiveness, 131, 240-243, 244, 246, 247-252, 257-258 decentralization, programs, 216, 234 economic factors, general, 10, 237-253 epidemiology and, 212-214, 215-236 eradication, 41-45, 212, 232, 263, 274 funding, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13-14, 15, 44 historical perspective, 41-45 larvicides, 35, 130, 131, 228 larvivorous fish, 35, 123, 131 local programs, 16-17, 226, 232, 233, 234, 238, 240, 243-244, 245, 252, 257 program evaluation, 18, 233, 253, 269, 273-274 program planning, 216, 230-234, 257, 269, 273-274 research on, 12, 13-14, 15-20, 139-140 social and behavioral factors, 13-14, 257, 258, 264-271 vectors, 15, 119, 129-134, 140, 243, 244, 269, 270 zooprophylaxis, 228 see also Drugs; Insecticides; Vaccines Convulsions, 60, 154 Coordination, see Management and managers; Organizational factors; Policy Costs and cost-effectiveness, 2, 18, 19, 131, 240-243 control strategies, general, 131, 240-243, 244, 246, 247-252, 257-258 diagnostic tests, 73, 82 insecticides, 133, 244 larval control, 131 vaccines, 195 Cultural factors, 13-14, 223-224, 264-274 Cytoadherence, 98-99, 108 D DDT, 35, 41, 42, 44-45, 132-133, 259 Demographic factors, 214-215, 222-223, 259 migrant workers, 2, 4, 260, 262 migration, other, 2, 223, 260, 261-262, 264 population exposed, 32 see also Cultural factors; Epidemiology; Migration; Military personnel; Social factors Department of Defense, 11, 49-50, 52, 157-158 Army Medical Research and Development Command, 49, 153 Naval Medical Research Institute, 49-50 see also Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Desert fringe malaria, 219 Development projects, 226, 261, 281 Developmental biology, 107 Diagnosis, 3, 13, 16, 24-25, 56, 73-86, 214 costs, 73, 82 international programs, 158 via microscope, 75, 76, 158 national screening programs, 157 urine, diagnosis using, 158 see also Assays; Symptoms DNA, 79-81, 82, 86, 108-109, 126, 150, 151 vaccine development, 177, 180, 192, 194, 197 INDEX 299

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From page 300...

... Doxycycline, 147, 156 Drugs, antimalarial, 10, 11, 15, 16, 34-35, 64-65, 120, 129, 140, 144-165, 280 administration, 144, 164 animal models, 157-160, 161 antibiotics, 147, 148, 156, 160 children and, 158, 184, 225 cultural belief, 268 drug resistance, 1, 3, 5, 10, 34-35, 45, 56, 60, 66, 103, 107-108, 144, 145, 147, 149, 150, 151, 152-153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 160-161, 162-163, 226, 229, 235, 284 economic factors influencing development, 153, 158-159, 160, 195, 226 epidemiological factors, 211, 225-226, 227, 229, 235 evaluation, 64-65 funding, 11, 45, 52 genetics, 103, 104, 148, 150, 151 guidelines, 17, 63, 146, 229, 224, 246, 272 historic perspectives, 35, 39, 148, 150, 154, 155, 156-158, 160 liver, effects on, 145, 148-149, 156 P falciparum 35, 45, 103, 147-148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153-155, 156, 158, 161, 162-163, 229 P

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From page 301...

... children and, 33, 146, 222-223 clinical immunity, 24, 108, 129, 132, 146, 172, 173, 213, 218 vaccines, 181 Entomological inoculation rate, 126, 128, 129, 136, 137 Environmental issues, 30 biological agents, 133-134 insecticides, 44-45, 118, 132-133 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) , 77-78, 80, 81, 127 Epidemics, 10, 33, 219, 285 Epidemiology, 30-34, 118, 211-236 Centers for Disease Control, 48, 51 control strategies and, 212-214, 215-236 diagnostic tests and, 84, 86 drugs, 211, 225-226, 227, 229, 235 economics and, 213, 223-225, 226, 242, 246-253, 264 entomological inoculation rate, 126, 128, 129, 136, 137 geographical factors, 22, 30-32, 122, 124, 125, 127, 213, 217-222, 238 historical perspectives, 212, 215, 232, 259 immunology and, 24, 32, 66, 212, 213, 222-223, 234 infection versus disease, 22, 74, 212-214, 234 microepidemiology, 135-136, 243-244 parasites, general, 221-222 P

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From page 302...

... Foreign aid, 5, 8 development projects, 226, 261, 281 surveillance, 10 World Bank, 9, 158 see also Agency for International Development Foreign countries, general control strategies, 1-2, 6 incidence, 1, 2 political instability, 45 Forest malaria, 218, 220, 223 Funding, 7-21 passim, 46 antimalarial drugs, 11, 45 control strategies, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13-14, 15, 44 drug development, 11, 45, 52 eradication, 43 federal, 47-53 see also Foreign aid G Gametocytes, 26, 27, 92-94, 121, 122, 137, 140, 145, 148, 149, 193, 227 Genetics, 24, 100-106 antimalarial drugs, 103, 104, 148, 150, 151 cloning, 100, 102, 103-104, 163 immune response, 32, 150, 180-181, 191, 194-195 monoclonal antibodies, 77, 82, 178-179, 188, 191-192, 193 mutation, 101-102, 103 parasites, 100-106, 109, 163 probe assays, 77, 79-81, 82, 85, 86 research, 107-109 vectors, 118, 121, 126, 133, 134, 138, 139 see also DNA; RNA Geographic factors, 30 access to health care, distance, 223, 283 coastal zones, 220-221 desert fringes, 219 drugs sensitivities, 56 epidemiology, 22, 30-32, 122, 124, 125, 127, 213, 217-222, 238 forests, 218, 220, 223 highland fringes, 219 plains, 220 P falciparum, 32, 124, 260 P

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From page 303...

... blood-stage, 92-98, 106, 153, 156, 170 see also Merozoites; Schizogony; Sporogony Housing, 131, 223-224, 262 Hydroxynaphthoquinones, 160 Hyperendemicity, 33-34 Hypoendemicity, 33, 34 Hypoglycemia, 59, 60, 61, 149 I Immigration, see Migration Immunoassays, 77-78, 126, 127-128, 139 antigens and, 77-79, 82, 85, 86 ELISA, 77-78, 80, 81, 127 radioimmunoassays, 78-79 Immunoglobulin, 123, 179 Immunology, 3, 24, 64, 123-124, 196-197 cell-mediated immunity, 174-182 passim, 186, 189, 193, 194 endemicity and immunity, 24, 108, 129, 132, 146, 172, 173, 213, 218 epidemiologic factors, 24, 32, 66, 212, 213, 222-223, 234 genetics of, 32, 150, 180-181, 191, 194-195 host defence evasions, 98-100 interferon, 174-175, 189 irradiated sporozoites, 6, 45, 105, 160, 173, 196, 197 migration and, 262 research, 8, 14-15, 66, 106, 196-198 vector factors, 6, 45, 105, 123-124, 126 see also Antibodies; Antigens; Assays; Vaccines In vitro techniques, 45, 66, 96, 109, 122, 138, 155, 158, 170, 173, 198, 229 Indian National Malaria Eradication Program, 263 Information, see Education and training Insecticides, 16, 35, 130-131, 132, 227, 285 Africa, use in, 3 bednets, impregnated with, 35, 130, 131, 132, 223, 228, 235-236 cost-effectiveness, 133, 244 DDT, 35, 41, 42, 44-45, 132-133, 259 environmental issues, 44-45, 118, 132-133 larvicides, 35, 130, 131, 228 resistance to, 1, 42, 132, 257-258, 259 Insect repellents, 35, 131 Institute of Medicine, 6-7, 216, 283 Interferon, 174-175, 189 International Congress on Primary Heath Care, 44 International perspectives, 1, 41-42, 44, 46-47 multinational business, 10 United Nations, 9, 41, 42, 44, 45, 158, 271 United Nations Development Program/ World Bank/World Health Organization Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, 9, 45, 46, 158, 171 World Bank, 9, 158 see also Foreign countries; World Health Organization Irradiation, 6, 45, 105, 170, 173, 175, 196, 197 Irrigation systems, 218-219, 259, 261 K Karyotypes, 101 Kidneys, 23, 63 L Laboratory studies, 137-139 in vitro techniques, 45, 66, 96, 109, 122, 138, 155, 158, 170, 173, 198, 229 P falciparum culturing, 45, 79, 81, 122, 158, 170, 198, 229 P

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From page 304...

... vectors, 120, 137-139 see also Assays Larvae, 35, 119, 228 ecology of, 123, 124, 125, 130, 263 fish, larvivorous, 35, 123, 131 larvicides, 35, 130, 131, 228 Legal issues, 262 Life cycles of mosquitos, 27-28, 34, 40, 42, 123; see also Larveae of P falciparum, 91-99 passim, 121, 122, 182, 183 of parasites, 25-27, 39-40, 90-94, 105-108, 119, 120-121, 122, 171, 193 see also Merozoites; Schizogony; Sporogony Lipids, 98, 189 Liver, 26, 91-92, 105-106 antigens, 170, 172, 177 drug effects, 145, 148-149, 156 hepatitis, 73, 74, 179, 213 vaccines and, 171-172, 174, 176, 177, 197 Local programs and factors control, 16-17, 216, 226, 232, 233, 234, 238, 240, 243-244, 245, 252, 257 community participation, 269-271, 273-274 development projects, 226 drug sensitivities, 56 economics, 238, 240, 243-244, 252 education and training, 17, 229, 232 microepidemiology, 135-136, 243-244 operational research, 232 vector populations, 119, 129 Logistics, 233, 268-269 M Macrogametocyte, 26, 120 Macrophages, 189 Management and managers, 19, 231, 233, 244, 245 training of, 20, 21, 231-232, 252 Mathematical models, 42 Mefloquine, 147, 148, 150, 153-154, 156, 158 Merozoites, 26-27, 61, 91, 92-93, 106 vaccines, 171-172, 184-185, 186-188, 191-192 Meseoendemicity, 33, 34 Microgametocyte, 26, 120 Microscopy, 75, 76, 158 Migrant workers, 2, 4, 260, 262 Migration, 2, 223, 260, 261-262, 264 Military personnel, 8, 39, 40, 49-50, 148, 156-157, 223, 227 Civil War, 39 Vietnam, 40, 157, World War II, 40, 41, 148, 150, 154, 156-157 see also Department of Defense Mitochondria, 97-98, 107, 160 Models, 42 see also Paradigm approach Molecular biology, see Genetics Monoclonal antibodies, 77, 82, 178-179, 188, 191,-192, 193 Monocytes, 174 Morbidity and mortality, 56, 132, 214-215, 229, 238, 247 Mosquitoes, 27-29, 93-94, 118-140, 280-281 antibodies, human, ingestion by, 133 assays, 122, 126 biological control agents, 35, 133-134, 229 community control programs, 16 control, general, 15, 119, 129-134, 140, 243, 244, 269-270 demographic factors, 119 education on, 134-135 epidemiology and, 123, 124-125, 129-134, 217, 219, 222, 227-228 feeding behavior, 28-29 field studies, 120, 122, 125-126, 128-129, 135-137, 138-139, 140 genetics, 118, 121, 126, 133, 134, 138, 139 geographic distribution, 122, 124, 125, 127, 136-137, 259 INDEX 304

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From page 305...

... immunological factors, 6, 45, 105, 123-124, 126 insect repellents, 35, 131 insecticide resistance, 1, 42, 132, 257-259 lab studies, 120, 137-139 life cycle, 27-28, 34, 40, 42, 123; see also Larvae local factors, 119, 129 parasites, interactions with, 93-94, 120-129, 137-138 personal protection from, 16, 227; see also Bednets; Clothing primary versus secondary vectors, 124 research on, 8, 15, 120, 135-140 taxonomy, 125 temperature factors, 28, 30, 105, 124 urban areas, 263 vaccines against, 118, 133, 137, 139, 169, 172, 195-196 vectorial capacity, 126-127 WHO Programs, 126, 132-133 see also Anopheles; Insecticides; Larvae N National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 7, 50, 52, 53 National Institutes of Health, 7, 9, 50, 52, 157 National Research Council, 134, 157 Naval Medical Research Institute, 49-50 Neoantigens, 99-100 North America, malaria in, 38-39 see also United States O Operational research, 20, 232, 233, 243-244, 259 Organizational factors, 243, 268-269 advisory boards, 12, 17-18, 284 decentralization, control programs, 216, 234 logistics, 233, 268-269 policy, general, 231, 237, 244-246, 252 program evaluation, 18, 233, 269, 273-274 program planning, 216, 230-234, 257, 269, 273-274 research coordination, 11-12 see also Management and managers P Pamaquine, 156 Pan American Sanitary Commission, 42 Paradigm approach, 18-19, 216-230, 235, 247, 250-252, 279-282, 285-286 Parasites, causing malaria, 90-109, 280 education on, 104-105 epidemiology and, 221-222 erythrocytes, general, 92-100 passim, 102, 106 feeding behavior, 94-95, 105 field studies of transmission, 122, 125-126 genetics, 100-106, 109, 163 life cycle, 25-27, 39-40, 90-94, 105-108, 119, 120-121, 122, 171, 193; see also Merozoites; Schizogony; Sporogony research on, 8, 104-109 vectors, interactions with, 93-94, 120-129, 137-138 see also Host-parasite interactions; and specific parasites Pathogenesis, 13, 65, 189 Peace Corps, 67-68 Penfluridol, 150 Pesticides, see Insecticides Phenothiazines, 161 Plains malaria, 220 Plasmodium cynomolgi, 180 Plasmodium falciparum, 1, 5, 22-27, 40, 65 antimosquito vaccines, 133 clinical immunity, 146, 213 culturing of, 45, 79, 81, 122, 158, 170, 198, 229 INDEX 305

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From page 306...

... drug-resistance, 35, 45, 103, 147-148, 149, 150, 151, 154, 156, 163, 229 drugs, effective, 152, 153-155, 158, 161, 162-163, 229 epidemiology, 213, 221, 222, 260 genetics, 101-104, 109 geographic distribution, 32, 124, 260 life cycle, 91-99 passim, 121-122, 182, 183 severe malaria, 23, 57-59, 66-67, 144, 182, 183, 213, 221, 222 vaccines, 133, 175, 176, 177, 178, 180, 181, 182, 186-194, passim Plasmodium knowlesi, 152, 180 Plasmodium malariae, 22, 63, 121, 146 geographic distribution, 32 recurrence, 27 Plasmodium ovale, 22, 27, 145, 146 Plasmodium vivax, 1, 22, 27, 40, 95, 121 culturing, 81, 93, 163-164, 198 drug-resistant strains, 35, 150, 152, 161, 164 drugs, effective, 145, 146, 156, 161, 163-164 geographic distribution, 30, 32, 124, 220, 221-222 vaccines, 175, 178-179, 187-188, 190, 194, 195 Pneumocytis carinii, 160 Policy, 231, 237, 244-246, 252 advisory boards, 12, 17-18, 284 Polymerase chain reaction method, 80-81, 156 Population factors, see Cultural factors; Demographic factors; Migration; Social factors Pregnancy, 4, 13, 24, 60, 62, 64, 67, 211, 213, 234, 267 antimalarial drugs, 153-154, 158, 244 Primaquine, 147, 148-149, 157, 160 Private sector, 46 drug companies, 153, 158-159, 160, 171 health care, 225, 246, 253 multinational businesses, 10 Problem-solving, see Operational research Proguanil, 147, 153, 157 Projections, 57, 73, 90, 118, 144, 169, 211, 237, 257 Proteins, 91, 101-104, 109, 162, 163 immunoglobulin, 123, 179 interferon, 174-175, 189 vaccine development, 172, 175-179, 181-182, 185-189 passim, 191 Pulmonary edema, 62 Pyrimethamine, 151-153, 154, 157 Q Quantitative buffy coat technique, 76 Quinazoline, 161 Quinine, 39, 60, 147, 148, 149-150, 154 Quinoline drugs, 107, 105, 150, 159-160, 162-163 see also specific drugs R Radioimmunoassays, 78-79, 158 Rainfall, 218 Red blood cells see Erythrocytes Relapse, see Chronic complications Research, 8, 12-15, 65-68, 284 antimalarial drugs, 66-68, 140, 144, 155, 156-165, 171-172, 190 clinical community, 108, 129, 132 clinical trials, 161-162, 170, 190-191, 198 control strategies, 12, 13-14, 15-20, 130-140 coordination of, 11-12 diagnosis, 77, 76-82, 84-86 economics, 238-242, 252-253 epidemiology, 135, 234-236, 147 eradication, 43 field, 6, 9 funding, 7-21 passim, 44, 45, 46-53 genetics, 107-109 immunology, 8, 14-15, 66, 106, 196-198 operational, 20, 232, 233, 243-244, 259 parasites, 8, 104-109 INDEX 306

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From page 307...

... pathogenesis, 13, 65 social and behavior factors, 13-14, 258, 271-274 treatment, 65-66 vaccines, 6, 8, 14-15, 170, 196-198 vectors, 8, 15, 120, 135-140 see also Evaluation; Field studies; Laboratories studies Rifampicin, 156 RNA, 80, 104, 156 S Savannah lands, 217-218, 220, 223 Schizogony, 24-25, 26-27, 61, 93, 188 drugs, 129, 149, 158, 162 see also specific schizonticidal drugs Seashore malaria, 220-221 Seasonal factors, 129, 132, 137, 217-218, 220, 222 Secondary metabolism, 164-165 Severe and complicated malaria, 13, 16, 23, 57-63, 64, 65, 144, 211, 219, 234 cerebral malaria, 13, 57-61, 23, 65, 265 chronic complications, 27, 63, 145, 147, 222 P falciparum, 23, 57-59, 66-67, 144, 182, 183, 213, 221, 222 vaccines against, 169, 189 see also Children; Pregnancy Skin patch administration, drugs, 164 Sleeping habits, 224 bednets, 35, 130, 131, 132, 223, 228, 235-236 Social factors, 13-14, 223-224, 240, 242, 257-274, 280 community participation, 269-271, 273-274 historical perspective, 258, 259, 260, 263 housing, 131, 223-224, 262 political instability, 45 professional training about, 20 research, 13-14, 258, 271-274 see also Migration Spleen, 33, 61-62, 63 Sporogony, 26, 30, 91, 94, 105, 106, 120-126 passim, 128, 138, 176-177 circumsporozoite protein, 175-176 irradiation, 6, 45, 105, 170, 173, 175, 196, 197 vaccine development, 133, 171, 172-182, 190, 196, 197 Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 152 Sulfa drugs, 152, 154 Surveillance, 9-10, 67-68, 118, 127-128, 136-137, 229, 232-233, 282, 285 Switzerland, 4 Symptoms, 23, 74, 267 asymptomatic infections, 22, 74, 212-214, 234 fever, 25, 27, 38, 266 convulsions, 60, 154 T T cells, 174, 175, 176, 177, 179-181, 182, 189, 193, 194 Tanzania, 5 Taxonomy entomology, 125 nosological fusion, 267-268 paradigm approach, 18-19, 216-230, 235, 247, 250-252, 279-282, 285-286 Temperature factors, 28, 30, 105, 120-121, 124 Temporal factors, 242-243 infection progression, 66-67, 120-121 seasonality, 129, 132, 137, 217-218, 220, 222 vaccines, duration of protection, 181-182 see also Seasonal factors Tetracylines, 147, 148, 156 Training, see Education and training Transportation, 223 access to health care, distance, 223, 283 INDEX 307

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From page 308...

... Travel and tourism, 2-3, 4, 5, 8, 131, 223 antimalarial drugs, 3, 64, 65-66, 131, 172, 179, 181 information on, 56 Treatment, 6, 16, 65-66, 235, 257 access to the health care, distance, 223, 283 cost, versus control strategies, 244 guidelines, 17, 63, 146, 229, 244, 246, 272 see also Drugs; Health care personnel Trophozoites, 95 Tumor necrosis factor, 59, 61, 189 U Uncomplicated malaria, general, 63-64 United Kingdom, 153 United Nations, 9, 41, 42, 45, 158, 271 United Nations Development Program/ Word Bank/Word Health Organization Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Disease, 9, 45, 46, 168, 271 United States DDT, 44-45 historical perspective, 38-39, 43, 47-53 see also Federal government Urban areas, 119, 131, 219-220, 250-251, 257, 262-264 Urine, diagnosis using, 158 V Vaccines animal models, 173, 178, 180, 181, 189, 190, 192, 194, 195-196 antibodies, 133, 173-174, 178-179, 182, 183-186, 188, 191-193, 195, 197 antigens, 170, 177-178, 180, 180, 188-189, 191, 194 antimalarial, 6, 8, 11, 14-15, 36, 45, 52, 128-129, 156, 169-195, 196-198 antimosquito, 118, 133, 137, 139, 169, 172, 195-196 assays, 181 blood-stage, general, 128, 182-192 children, 169, 184, 189 cost, 195 DNA, 177, 180, 192, 194, 197 duration and protection, 181-182 economics, 171 endemicity and, 181 entomological components, 128-129, 192-195 epidemiological factors, 211, 235 erythrocytes, 170, 171-172, 173, 175-177, 182-192, passim evaluation, general, 129, 170 field studies, 128-129, 137, 140 historical perspective, 172-173 liver, effects on, 171-172, 174, 176, 177, 197 merzoites, 171-172, 184-185, 186-188, 191-192 P falciparum, 133, 175, 176, 177, 178, 180, 181, 182, 186-194, passim P

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From page 309...

... World Health Organization, 9, 41, 42, 43-44, 45, 46, 48, 51, 271 antimalarial; drugs, 153, 154, 155, 157, 158, 159 epidemiology, 212, 14, 215-216, 285 vector biology and control, 126, 132-133 World War II, 40, 41, 148, 150, 154, 156-157 WR 238605, 159-160 Z Zooprophylaxis, 228 INDEX 309

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