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From page 37... ... 3Overview Through its direct impact on health and its indirect effects on such factors as economic development, migration, and military conflict, malaria has played and continues to play an important role in human history. The literature of ancient and modern civilizations contains repeated references to "intermittent" and "malignant" fevers and "agues" consistent with a diagnosis of malaria. Read the entire page →
From page 38... ... the French coined the word "paludisme," whose root means swamp, to refer to malaria. Saint Augustine, the first archbishop of Canterbury, died from what was almost certainly malaria in 597 A.D. Read the entire page →
From page 39... ... & many dead, but not yet so many as last year. The like is all N Read the entire page →
From page 40... ... Anopheles claviger and soon after they described the developmental stages of P falciparum and P Read the entire page →
From page 41... ... MALARIA CONTROL Credit for the first efforts at malaria control properly belongs to the Greeks and Romans, who in the sixth century B.C. undertook major engineering projects to drain marshy areas. Read the entire page →
From page 42... ... One of the earliest broad-based proposals for eradication came in 1950 from the Pan American Sanitary Conference (PASC) , which later merged with the Pan American Health Organization. Read the entire page →
From page 43... ... eradication was not technically or economically feasible in many areas (World Health Organization Expert Committee on Malaria, 1967) Read the entire page →
From page 44... ... on the basis of health grounds as well as economic considerations, and it encouraged control where eradication was not feasible (World Health Organization, 1969) Read the entire page →
From page 45... ... groups, the United States banned use of the pesticide for all nonpublic health uses. By 1982, production of DDT in the United States had ceased altogether. Read the entire page →
From page 46... ... U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT FOR MALARIA ACTIVITIES A number of governmental and nongovernmental organizations around the world actively support malaria research, prevention, and control programs. Read the entire page →
From page 47... ... to malaria research and control is further compounded by the variability in the quality and accuracy of the data that are available. Even if accurate data were widely and easily available, they would likely fail to answer three critical questions: Was the amount spent insufficient, sufficient, or excessive? Read the entire page →
From page 48... ... went to support bilateral programs, all of which targeted some aspect of malaria control. Of the bilateral programs funded in FY 1988 and FY 1989, just over a quarter included a small malaria research component as part of their overall control activities. Read the entire page →
From page 49... ... FIGURE 3-1 USAID malaria funding, all accounts (FY 1985 to FY 1990) Read the entire page →
From page 50... ... malaria research programs. In fact, WRAIR is home to the largest antimalarial drug screening program in the world. Read the entire page →
From page 51... ... TABLE 3-2 CDC Malaria Spending as a Percentage of Total Budget Spending ($000) Category FY 85 FY 86 FY 87 FY 88 FY 89 FY 90 Malariaa 1,330 1,758 1,938 2,157 1,985 2,508 Total budget 410,000 452,000 587,000 772,000 982,000 1,121,000 Malaria as a percentage of total budget 0.32 0.39 0.33 0.28 0.20 0.22 a Includes funds received from USAID and WHO Sources: Office of Financial Management, Division of Parasitic Diseases, and the International Health Program Office, CDC. Read the entire page →
From page 52... ... Consistent with overall NIAID and NIH funding patterns, about 20 percent of all tropical disease research monies are spent in-house, with most of the remainder going to U.S. investigators outside NIH through a competitive grants award system. Read the entire page →
From page 53... ... TABLE 3-4 NIAID Funding for Tropical Diseases and Malaria, 1986–1990 Funding ($000) Category FY 87 FY 88 FY 89 FY 90 NIAID 545,433 638,521 740,239 831,181 Tropical diseasea 34,118 34,440 32,633 38,765 Malaria 6,122 6,803 7,467 8,337 Tropical disease as a percentage of NIAID 6.3 5.4 4.4 4.7 Malaria as a percentage of tropical diseases 17.9 19.8 22.9 21.5 a This category includes the six tropical diseases (malaria, schistosomiasis, filariasis, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and leprosy) Read the entire page →
From page 54... ... REFERENCES Ackerknecht, E Read the entire page →
From page 55... ... Washington, D.C.: Office of the Surgeon General and Center for Military History, U.S. Read the entire page →

From page 37...

... 3Overview Through its direct impact on health and its indirect effects on such factors as economic development, migration, and military conflict, malaria has played and continues to play an important role in human history. The literature of ancient and modern civilizations contains repeated references to "intermittent" and "malignant" fevers and "agues" consistent with a diagnosis of malaria.