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5 Cancer Effects
Pages 147-163

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From page 147...
... Several lead compounds have been used in animal and mechanistic studies, but the committee considered all inorganic forms of lead to be applicable to this review. A number of animal experiments have demonstrated the carcinogenicity of inorganic lead, mostly in the kidney (renal-cell carcinoma)
From page 148...
... . However, IARC found the evidence from animal studies sufficient for lead acetate, lead subacetate, lead chromate, and lead phosphate and noted that "extensive experimental evidence shows that various water-soluble and insoluble lead compounds can induce kidney tumours in rodents" and that a study showed they "can occur in the absence of lead-induced nephropathy" (p.
From page 149...
... NTP noted that benign and malignant renal tumors were most frequently associated with lead exposure and that brain tumors (gliomas) , lung cancer, and cancers of the hematopoietic system were also seen in some studies.
From page 150...
... p OSHA standard, but trend = 0.16. higher than current population level NHANES III, mortality study <5 µg/dL 5-9 µg/dL ≥10 Reference RR = 1.44 (95% CI: 1.12, Measured BLL.
From page 151...
... confounding by other Zaridze 2012 workers workplace carcinogens. Lung cancer Lead-only smelter workers CBLI (for example, 10 SIR = 4.5 (95% CI: 1.8, 9.3)
From page 152...
... US-based population, National Job exposure matrix Brain-cancer mortality HR = 2.3 US population, supports van Wijngaarden Longitudinal Mortality Study (95% CI: 1.3, 4.2) for high findings of Anttila et al.
From page 153...
... for workers with BLL >30 µg/dL. Abbreviations: ALAD, delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase; CBLI, cumulative blood lead index; HR, hazard ratio; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (II = second survey, III = third survey)
From page 154...
... (2009) , which used the Normative Aging Study population, found no association between lead exposure and cancer mortality, even when bone lead concentration was used as a measure of cumulative exposure.
From page 155...
... in printing workers as in the referent population. Lung Cancer Evidence of links between lead exposure and lung cancer relies on studies that compared exposed workers with a referent population (based on either country or regional cancer rates)
From page 156...
... population that served as the comparison group was not available. Another study of occupationally exposed adults compared with their referent populations did not show significant associations between lead exposure and lung cancer (Rousseau et al.
From page 157...
... . Several later experiments in Wistar rats exposed via the diet to either lead subacetate or lead acetate also observed renal tumors (Mao and Molnar 1967; Zawirska and Medras 1968, 1972; Ito et al.
From page 158...
... . Renal tumors were not observed in Syrian Golden hamsters that were fed lead acetate for up to 2 years (van Esch and Kroes 1969)
From page 159...
... Human studies have provided more limited evidence. Although it was not emphasized in the recent EPA review draft, there is additional epidemiologic evidence on both renal and brain cancers.
From page 160...
... 1962. The induction of renal tumors by feeding lead acetate to rats.
From page 161...
... 1997. Cumulative lead exposure in relation to mortality and lung cancer morbidity in a cohort of primary smelter workers.
From page 162...
... 1969. The induction of renal tumors by feeding basic lead acetate to mice and hamsters.
From page 163...
... 1972. The role of the kidney in disorders of porphyrin me tabolism during carcinogenesis induced with lead acetate.


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