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1 Introduction
Pages 8-28

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From page 8...
... Lead exposure also causes anemia, nephrotoxicity, a variety of adverse reproductive and developmental effects, small increases in blood pressure and an increased risk of hypertension particularly in middle-aged and older people, and various effects in other organ systems, including joint pain and gastrointestinal pain (ATSDR 2007; EPA 2012; NTP 2012)
From page 9...
... Exposure standards and guidelines for protecting the general public from lead in ambient air, drinking water, soil, and consumer products have been established by such agencies as the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) , the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Toxicology Program (NTP)
From page 10...
... Information will be evaluated on recurrent lead exposures at such firing ranges, and relevant toxicological and epidemiological information on any carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects of exposures to lead will be evaluated. The evaluated information will include reviews by the Environmental Protection Agency and the National Toxicology Program.
From page 11...
... Is research needed to fill those gaps? FIRING-RANGE ENVIRONMENTS Military firing ranges are specialized facilities designed for small-arms practice.
From page 12...
... US Military Firing Ranges Military firing ranges can be indoor or outdoor and may be restricted to particular weapons (such as pistols, rifles, grenade launchers, and machine guns)
From page 13...
... However, because of the high noise levels produced at firing ranges (over 140 dB) , many ranges have an air-locked corridor for soundproofing with doors at opposite ends of the egress corridor; most indoor ranges therefore have more leaddust contamination than outdoor ranges because of their semiclosed (air)
From page 14...
... Personnel with this specialty (Air Force specialty code P0X1B and special experience identifier 312) are trained in combat-arms operation, facility maintenance, firearms instruction, occupational safety and health, and related subjects (US Department of the Air Force 2010)
From page 15...
... In response to the request, the US Army submitted data extracted from the Defense Occupational and Environmental Health Readiness
From page 16...
... The Air Force also provided the committee with air-monitoring data from 2007-2012 and was the only service1 to provide data on BLLs of range instructors 1 After the committee completed its evaluation and released the prepublication draft of this report, the Army submitted data on BLLs for Department of the Army civilian personnel working at shoot houses. The Army's submission can be obtained by contacting
From page 17...
... , but no distinction was made about whether the data in Table 1-3 included measurements taken on ranges where the substitution was implemented. The maximum BLLs of Air Force range instructors in 2008-2012 were below the current OSHA standard of 40 μg/dL.
From page 18...
... 18 TABLE 1-1 Airborne Lead Concentration During Performance of Different Job Duties on US Army Weapons and Small-Arms Firing Rangesa Geometric Mean Geometric Standard Samples Duty No. Sites No.
From page 19...
... Range or ground maintenance, 1 29 239 11.2 6,440 6.9% heavy-equipment operator Range or ground maintenance 2 44 191 16.3 6,900 25% Maintenance-structures 4 6 0.8 0.4 3,510 0% ranges, multiple operations Range cleaning 1 22 24.3 13.3 3,710 27.3% Weapons or small arms, 1 4 114 14.4 25,420 50% backstop or pit cleanup Weapons or small arms, 6 116 85.2 10.2 5,830 13.8% range cleaning Disposition of range residue, 1 22 24.3 13.3 3,710 27.3% HM/HW hand cleanup Weapons Handling or Firing Firing range, testing NOCb 1 22 24.3 13.3 3,710 27.3% Indoor range, 6 100 30.6 2.9 9,570 19% small-arms firing Indoor firing range, 1 22 24.3 13.3 3,710 27.3% ordnance testing Outdoors, weapons or 7 114 84.8 4.8 9,390 16.7% small-arms firing Shoot house, weapons or 1 15 97.7 33.8 6,750 60% small-arms firing, NOCb Shoot house, small-arms 3 48 37.2 2.4 12,030 20.8% handling (Continued)
From page 20...
... the PEL Operations or Services Range operations, weapons 1 4 114 14.4 25,420 50% and ordnance Skeet and trap range, 1 4 1.9 0.5 6,760 0% recreational services Fire services, ranges 1 29 239 11.2 6,440 6.9% Other Ambulance drivers or 1 29 239 11.2 6,440 6.9% EMT, range a Data extracted from the Defense Occupational and Environmental Health Readiness System -- Industrial Hygiene. Army industrial hygiene program offices use the concept of similar exposure groups.
From page 21...
... TABLE 1-2 Airborne Lead Concentration During Performance of Different Job Duties on US Navy Weapons and Small-arms Firing Ranges Lead Indoor Weapons Outdoor Indoor Simulated and Range Ammunition Range Range Range Backstop Marksmanship Ordnance Cleaning Handling NOCa Firing Firing Supervision Pit Cleanup Breeching Trainer NOCa No. samples 19 3 138 9 50 106 19 14 11 4 Maximum, µg/m3 848 78.4 482 558 442 342 29.6 18.7 40.6 0.92 Minimum, µg/m3 2.12 25.5 0.46 4 0.71 0.71 0.71 3.5 0.8 0.71 Mean, µg/m3 190 44 48 22 46 23 9 9 13 1 Geometric mean, µg/m3 50 39 13 15 11 8 5 7 8 1 Geometric standard 8,169 1,849 5,980 2,669 4,730 4,274 3,669 1,940 3,476 1,140 deviation, µg/m3 Samples above PEL, % 58 33 31.9 22.2 16 14.2 0 0 0 0 b 3 95th percentile , µg/m 1,583 1,060 2,400 76 148 83 39 21 61 1 a Not otherwise classified.
From page 22...
... , µg/m3 9,120 ± 51,081 82.3 ± 209 80.3 ± 850 82.8 ± 652 19.7 ± 31 267 ± 218 Blood Lead Levels No. samples -- 37 41 57 93 69 Maximum, µg/dL -- 31 16 23 26 21 Minimum, µg/dL -- 1 1 1 1 1 Mean (± SD)
From page 23...
... 1992 Powder gun 10.2 13.8a 6.9-22.8 660 112-2,238 Air gun 13.7 8.4 a 2.0-22.2 4.6 1.8-7.2 On-duty and off-duty NR 5.0 1.0-18.2 NR Löfstedt et al. 1999 police officers >9 3.7 United Indoor range for NR 30-59 30-160 Smith 1976 Kingdom police officers Soldiers 4.2 19.25 9.6-30.1 TWA: 190 Brown 1983 United States Indoor range Full-time employee NR 30-77 Showroom: 2.7 Novotny et al.
From page 24...
... 1989 training February 3-April 28 6.45 <5-23.1 1,483-1,860 304-2,688 51.4 31.2-73.3 2,906-3,226 994-5,589 44.6 27.1-62.3 1,231 553-2,567b 39.8 23.1-51.2 Lead bullet 1,410 Nylon-coated 78.3 Copper-jacketed 43.1 Covered outdoor NR Before shooting: GA: 9.53 5.50-14.56 Tripathi et al. 1990 range using copper- 6.0 ± 1.7 PBZ: 5.88 0.42-7.66 jacketed bullets After shooting: 6.5 ± 1.5 Uncovered Goldberg et al.
From page 25...
... 1991 outdoor range Nonjacketed bullets Instructors 14.2-24.2c 10-27 67.1-211.1 36.7-431.5 Jacketed bullets Instructors 13.1-22.1 5.4-8.7 University rifle range Recreational Prince and shooters Horstman 1993 Old ventilation 11.8-16.4 5-21 176 24-239 New ventilation 13.2-13.6 8-23 129 67-211 a Median value. b New ventilation system installed.
From page 26...
... U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH [online]
From page 27...
... U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health [online]
From page 28...
... J Public Health 79(8)


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