Future U.S. Workforce for Geospatial Intelligence (2013) / Chapter Skim
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2 Core Areas of Geospatial Intelligence
2 Core Areas of Geospatial Intelligence
Pages 17-34
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From page 17... ...
Few academic physics and aeronomy, tectonophysics, and some ocean programs treat geographic information science, spatial science. Given NGA's historical focus on geodesy, the analysis, and cartography as separate fields of study, following discussion concentrates on geodesy, touching but usually regard them as tracks or emphases within on other subdisciplines of geophysics where appropriate.
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From page 18... ...
Through the analysis of gravity gradiometry for determining the fine structure perturbations of satellite orbits, scientists first refined of the local gravity field and more accurate atomic the ellipsoidal dimensions of the Earth and then dis- clocks for measuring gravity and determining heights covered that the shape of the Earth, as represented by in the field.1 its gravity field, was much more complicated. An important advance in geophysics that is rel When geodesists talk about the shape of the Earth, evant to NGA is the improvement in describing the what they actually mean is the shape of the equipo- Earth's ever-changing magnetic field.
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From page 19... ...
, geodetic coordinate systems and datums, the computer science. elements of the Earth's gravity field, and the basics of The knowledge taught at the undergraduate level geodetic positioning techniques such as high-precision is similar in breadth, but less in depth than that taught GPS surveying.
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From page 20... ...
adapt to advances in the field. Graduates with an un- Education and Professional Preparation Programs dergraduate degree with geodesy as a major component commonly work as geodetic or surveying engineers, At the undergraduate level, geodesy is primarily who design and supervise data collection activities, taught in geomatics programs (Box 2.1)
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From page 21... ...
defined as the art, science, and technology of extracting Examples include the Geomatics Technology Program reliable and accurate information about objects, pheat Greenville Technical College (South Carolina) and nomena, and environments from acquired imagery and the Engineering Technology Program at Alfred State other sensed data, both passively and actively, within College (New York)
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From page 22... ...
Photogrammetry has gone through three stages of FIGURE 2.3 Accurate photogrammetric reconstruction of the imaged terrain requires overlapping images and metadata. development: analog, analytical, and digital (Blachut (Top)
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From page 23... ...
The development of the digital being replaced by digital imagery, including magery i photogrammetric workstation ushered in the stage of from active sensors, such as radar and, more recently, digital photogrammetry.
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From page 24... ...
their undergraduate bachelor's programs in forestry, They would know how aerial photography and other geography, civil engineering, construction engineering, imagery is acquired and how to use it in stereoscopic surveying engineering, and, most recently, geomatics. processing systems to extract various types of map- About that time, the Defense Mapping Agency emping information.
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From page 25... ...
During the Selected methods for collecting optical analog and late 1940s, 1950s, and early 1960s, new active sensor digital aerial photography, multispectral imagery, systems (e.g., radar) and passive sensor systems (e.g., hyperpectral imagery, and lidar data are shown in s thermal infrared)
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From page 26... ...
Printed and electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. etation structure and buildings information, and bare- mation beyond the local sensor web, which is useful earth digital terrain models (NRC, 2007; Renslow, for obtaining situational awareness (Delin and Small, 2012)
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From page 27... ...
; understand how digital remote sensor data using a diverse array of digital electromagnetic energy interacts with the atmosphere image processing techniques, such as radiometric and and various kinds of targets; are trained in statistics, geometric preprocessing, enhancement (e.g., image mathematics, and programming; and know how to fusion, filtering) , classification (e.g., machine learning,
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From page 28... ...
Components of the discipline include the principles of information design for spatial data, Education and Professional Preparation Programs the impact of scale and resolution, and map projec There are no departments of remote sensing in tions (Slocum et al., 2009)
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From page 29... ...
Geological Cartographic skills in information design, data Survey (McMaster and McMaster, 2002)
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From page 30... ...
. As such, cartographic skills remain a prerequisite to geographic geographic information science includes aspects of cartography, information science training, which requires under computer science, spatial statistics, cognitive science, and other fields that pertain to the analysis of spatial information, as well as standing of projections, scale, and resolution.
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From page 31... ...
Image used by permission of Oculus Info Inc. Education and Professional Preparation Programs There are four major career paths in artography: c (1)
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From page 32... ...
in regional science and operations research dating back Many universities offer professional preparation in to the early 1960s. Its early scope is represented by geographic information science, and, in the best pro- the classic book Spatial Analysis: A Reader in Statistigrams, cartography courses are a prerequisite to GIS cal Geography (Berry and Marble, 1968)
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From page 33... ...
GIS educational programs and their degree of Knowledge and Skills technical sophistication vary widely and range from community college training to undergraduate and GIS and geospatial analysis are taught in undergraduate and graduate curricula in a wide range of uni 5 Community input is currently being gathered for the second versity programs, such as geography, urban planning, edition of the Body of Knowledge.
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From page 34... ...
There are some 189 GIS degree programs in university programs, both nonprofit and for-profit. the United States, and more than 400 community col- Commercial vendors offer professional training or eduleges and technical schools offer some form of training cation, typically in the form of online training modules in geospatial technologies (e.g., see Table A.5 in Ap- and in-person training sessions.
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