Energy-Efficiency Standards and Green Building Certification Systems Used by the Department of Defense for Military Construction and Major Renovations (2013) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix D: Literature Review
Appendix D: Literature Review
Pages 178-199
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From page 178... ...
; studies on indoor environmental quality and productivity; and studies on the incremental costs to design and construct high-performance or green buildings. Those categories are not, however, exclusive, and findings from some studies could be grouped within more than one category.
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From page 179... ...
Overall, net source energy savings ranged from 77 to 22 percent, and energy cost savings ranged from 67 to 12 percent. • Site energy use was 25 to 62 percent less than the baselines.
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From page 180... ...
with three different metrics: Energy Use Intensity (EUI) for the LEED-certified buildings to the EUIs derived for the national building stock from the 2003 CBECS; ENERGY STAR® ratings of LEED buildings; and actual energy use for the LEED-certified buildings to initial design and baseline modeling (p.
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From page 181... ...
The authors noted that "these results also highlight the importance of investigating the post- occupancy performance of buildings. There is clearly no meaningful way to refine green building rating schemes so that they become more reliable without measured performance data" (p.
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From page 182... ...
Many smaller LEED buildings do outperform non-LEED buildings of similar size, but this may be less important when looking at the total energy footprint of the building stock, simply because these smaller buildings do not contribute nearly as much in total energy used. Scofield described his concern with using building-weighted averages as used in the CBECS data set as follows: The fallacy of using "building-weighted" averaging to characterize the energy intensity of a collection of N buildings is readily apparent when you take it to a smaller extreme.
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From page 183... ...
. For calculating energy and water savings, the contacts for each building relied on industry standards to create a baseline for conventional buildings, against which green building savings could be measured.
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From page 184... ...
. The author concluded that, based on the median savings from the data set and national data on baseline energy expenditures, the present value of 20 years of energy savings in a typical green building ranges from $4 per square foot to $16 per square foot, depending on building type and LEED level of certification (p.
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From page 185... ...
. The CBECS national average used was for office buildings constructed between 1990 and 2003, while the regional averages were for all building types.
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From page 186... ...
• The occupant survey indicated that, on average, occupant satisfaction with the green buildings in general were 27 percent higher than the CBE baseline, except for lighting, where it was the same as the baseline. Data were available for 15 LEED-certified buildings: 2 LEED-NC-Certified, 1 LEED-EB, 6 LEEDNC-Silver, 1 LEED-EB-Silver, and 5 LEED-NC-Gold.
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From page 187... ...
Cascadia Region Green Building Council, Portland, Ore.
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From page 188... ...
. Green Buildings in Massachusetts: Comparison Between Actual and Predicted Energy Performance J.L.B.
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From page 189... ...
Most of these buildings had been occupied for at least 2 years, and the researchers compared actual site energy use for the two samples. The authors note that "whereas typical LEED comparisons focus on differences between LEED building features and national code (or building performance and initial modeling, this paper is focused on the regional relevance of the LEED standard and implementation" (p.
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From page 190... ...
The median EUI for partial projects was 38 kBtu/square foot/year, which was 7 percent lower than the CBECS Midwest average. Among the conclusions of the study were the following: Specifically related to energy performance, many Illinois LEED projects perform better than conventional com mercial interiors and buildings, but as with conventional buildings there is a large variation amongst projects.
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From page 191... ...
Variables tested for the medium-energy-intensity group included site EUI, source EUI, gross square feet, occupants per square foot, total number of awarded LEED credits, total number of LEED Energy and Atmosphere Credits, the facility manager's years of experience, the number of buildings managed by the facility manager, and others. The authors found that the 19 medium-energy-intensity LEED-certified buildings used 13 percent less site energy and 1 percent less source energy than the CBECS comparison group.
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From page 192... ...
. Within the CBE database, 15 office buildings were identified as LEED-certified and 6 additional buildings were reported as green, based on the receipt of national or local green building or energy efficiency awards.
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From page 193... ...
. They also found that 45 percent of the respondents agreed that workers were taking fewer sick days than before moving to a green building, while 45 percent found it was the same as before and 10 percent reported more sick days (all in ENERGY STAR®-labeled buildings)
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From page 194... ...
Occupants of sustainable buildings perceived that they were 4 percent more productive than did occupants of conventional buildings. The improvement in perceived health among occupants in conventional buildings (3.29 on the 7-point scale)
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From page 195... ...
The authors found that "in all categories of operating costs, more than 50% of the LEED-EB buildings have expenses less than the BOMA average for the region. Total expenses per square foot of the LEED-EB buildings are less than the BOMA average for 7 of the 11 buildings" (p.
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From page 196... ...
Individual LEED credit assessments and cost estimates were completed for six scenarios to create a cost range for LEED-Certified, -Silver, and -Gold certification levels. The study indicated that there was an inherent degree of variability to LEED construction cost impacts, based on the following findings: • There was no correlation between the point value of a LEED credit and its cost.
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From page 197... ...
The baseline designs were amended and supplemented to include antiterrorism and force protection and select Department of Defense Unified Security Criteria, among other factors, and the designs were evaluated for full mission scope and full energy and sustainability compliance. The authors noted difficulties in establishing a clearly defined baseline for determining energy performance because "these buildings do not have equivalent building categories within CBECS" and because of initial confusion over the different energy baselines found in ASHRAE standards (modeled building energy)
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From page 198... ...
Case studies for four different types of facilities in four different climate zones were conducted. Among the study findings were the following: • Because AF buildings already are constructed to meet the Guiding Principles for High- Performance and Sustainable Buildings and meet at least LEED-Silver requirements and other federal sustainable building requirements, the added initial cost of meeting ASHRAE 189.1 as a percentage of total building construction costs was 1 to 2.8 percent for three of the four building types and 7.1 percent for the fourth type.
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From page 199... ...
For this review, a low-energy building was defined as one that "achieves 30 to 50 percent energy savings when compared to a building built to ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004." Among the findings were the following: 1. Objectively developed and verifiable data on the cost premium for low-energy (high-efficiency)
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