Energy-Efficiency Standards and Green Building Certification Systems Used by the Department of Defense for Military Construction and Major Renovations (2013) / Chapter Skim
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4 Benefits and Costs Associated with High-Performance or Green Buildings: Summary of the Literature Review
4 Benefits and Costs Associated with High-Performance or Green Buildings: Summary of the Literature Review
Pages 50-68
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From page 50... ...
There are no national baselines for measuring occupant satisfaction with indoor environmental quality or for measuring worker productivity related to building design. Standard survey forms to collect data from building users have been developed by the Center for the Built Environment (CBE)
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From page 51... ...
The research literature on high-performance and green buildings includes a number of reports that analyze the market and price effects of LEED or ENERGY STAR®3-certified buildings (primarily office buildings) compared to conventional buildings in terms of rental rates, vacancy rates, turnover ratios, appraised value, and other factors (Miller et al., 2008; Chappell and Corps, 2009; Dermisi, 2009; Fuerst, 2009; Fuerst and McAllister, 2008; Fuerst et al., 2010; Conlan and Glavis, 2012; Eicholz et al., 2009, 2011)
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From page 52... ...
and divided by total building floor area to compare the performance of green to conventional buildings. Most studies measured site energy, although a few measured source energy.
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From page 53... ...
buildings defined as designed net site energy used intensively over a 4-year period; Lessons Learned to achieve aggressive energy (both measured as gathered at least 1 year of from Case Studies goals; buildings constructed energy use intensity energy use and costs for each of Six High- between 1996 and 2005; six (EUI) ; energy costs building; compared actual costs Performance building types; a range of to baseline energy models for Buildings locations the buildings and to energy-code compliant baseline buildings Diamond et al.
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From page 54... ...
170 green buildings of a wide Incremental costs Conducted benefit-cost analysis Greening Our range of types, located in 33 of green design and and payback analyses for energy Built World: Costs, states and 8 countries; green construction; energy use and water use of green Benefits, and buildings defined as LEED- use and costs; water use versus conventional buildings; Strategies certified, anticipating LEED and costs; data reported data for green buildings certification or certified under for all buildings in primarily based on models, not another similar system (none sample and by LEED- actual measured data certified under Green Globes) certification level Fowler and Rauch 12 General Services Site energy use, water Measured energy use based on (2008)
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(2007) 19 new or renovated green Site energy use Compared actual site energy Green Buildings buildings in Massachusetts, use in the green buildings to in Massachusetts: including 12 green schools and the energy use predicted by Comparison Between 6 other buildings that were design models and to energy Actual and Predicted LEED-certified use in buildings constructed to Energy Performance Massachusetts code Widener (2009)
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From page 56... ...
buildings in Arizona; 7 source energy (EUI) the LEED-certified buildings Postoccupancy building types certified under was compared to national Energy Consumption LEED versions 2.0, 2.1, and averages from the CBECs Survey of Arizona's 2.2; all had been in operation database; CBECS data LEED New at least 1 year as of October normalized to match the gross Construction 2009; sample broken into 19 square feet weights for each Population buildings with medium energy building type in the LEED intensity (offices and similar)
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From page 57... ...
certification under versions costs of green buildings of 83 LEED-seeking buildings Cost of Green 2.1 and 2.2; building types to the construction costs of 138 Revisited: included academic classrooms, non-LEED-seeking buildings; Reexamining the laboratories, libraries, all costs were normalized for Feasibility and community centers, and time and location to ensure Cost Impact of ambulatory care facilities consistency for the comparisons Sustainable Design in Light of Increased Market Adoption Steven Winter Study undertaken to estimate Incremental construction Individual LEED credit Associates (2004) the costs to develop green costs for federal assessments and cost estimates GSA LEED Cost federal buildings using LEED courthouses and office were completed for six different Study 2.1; examined a 5-story buildings scenarios to create a cost range courthouse and a mid-rise for LEED-certified, LEED federal office building Silver, and LEED-Gold levels Indian Health Study undertaken to evaluate Incremental construction Evaluated initial capital cost Service (IHS)
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From page 58... ...
Within the sample of 100 medium-energy-use activities, Turner and Frankel found that LEED-NCcertified buildings used 26 percent less site energy than the CBECS national average, LEED-NC-Silver buildings used 32 percent less energy, and LEED-NC-Gold/Platinum-certified buildings used 44 percent less energy on average than the CBECS national average. The authors also compared the actual energy use in the LEED-certified buildings to the energy use predicted by baseline and design models submitted for the buildings as part of the LEED certification process.
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From page 59... ...
Scofield compared data from some of the LEED-certified buildings to the CBECS database and also to a subset of buildings from CBECS constructed between 2000 and 2003. His conclusions included the following: • LEED-certified medium-energy-use buildings, on average, used 10 percent less site energy but no less source (or primary)
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Approximately 15 percent of the 170 buildings were certified under systems such as the Massachusetts green schools guidelines, Enterprise Green Communities, or the Green Guide for Healthcare Facilities. Reported reductions in energy use for the green buildings were measured as EUI and largely based on computer design and baseline models submitted as part of the LEED certification process, not on actual measured energy use (utility bills)
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found that energy use in the 22 GSA green buildings, on average, was 25 percent lower than the CBECS national average, 18 percent lower than CBECS regional averages, and 10 percent lower than GSA regional averages for fiscal year (FY)
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The sample included various types of buildings that had been certified under LEED versions 2.0, 2.1, and 2.2 and that had been in operation for at least 1 year as of October 2009. Actual energy performance of those buildings as measured by EUI for source and site energy was compared to CBECS data.
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From page 63... ...
Kats estimated the NPV benefits of water savings in typical green buildings ranged from $.50 per square foot to $2 per square foot, depending on building type and LEED level of certification. Fowler and Rauch (2008)
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From page 64... ...
Five of the 22 buildings had higher aggregate operating costs than the baselines, ranging from 1 to 27 percent higher. INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND WORKER PRODUCTIVITY The committee identified five studies that met its criteria for time frame, robustness, and relevancy, and that compared IEQ and the health and productivity of workers in high-performance or green buildings to that of workers in conventional buildings.5 It should be noted that a body of well-designed, empirical studies evaluating various factors related to IEQ in all buildings is available.
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. • Even when considering only conventional buildings that were less than 15 years old, the mean satisfaction score with air quality was significantly higher for LEED-rated/green buildings (1.14 versus 0.52)
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From page 66... ...
INCREMENTAL COSTS TO DESIGN AND CONSTRUCT HIGH-PERFORMANCE BUILDINGS Studies that seek to compare the difference in design and construction costs, the so-called first costs, or the "green premium," between high-performance or green and conventional buildings typically discuss four different types of costs: (1) the baseline costs of the project itself; (2)
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From page 67... ...
The large majority of green building owners reported additional incremental costs between 0 and 4 percent, although the total range was 0 to 18 percent. The author concluded that most green buildings cost slightly more than similar conventional buildings to construct.
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From page 68... ...
Despite these variations, the 13 studies that measured actual energy used (not modeled energy) found that high-performance or green buildings, on average, used 5 to 30 percent less site energy than conventional buildings.
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