Sodium Intake in Populations Assessment of Evidence (2013) / Chapter Skim
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5 Findings and Conclusions
5 Findings and Conclusions
Pages 119-126
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From page 119... ...
found insufficient evidence to derive an Estimated Average Requirement and calculate a Recommended Dietary Allowance, and thus Adequate Intakes (AIs) were set instead, as an amount needed to achieve a diet that is adequate in other essential nutrients and covers sweat losses.
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From page 120... ...
These included the study design, the quantitative measures of dietary sodium intake and confounder adjustment, and the number and consistency of relevant studies available. From the evidence reviewed on health outcomes, the committee found that a number of the populations evaluated were outside the United States and included groups that consumed mean levels of sodium much higher than 3,400 mg per day, the average amount consumed by adults in the United States (USDA and HHS, 2010b)
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From page 121... ...
Likewise, the extreme variability in intake levels between and among population groups precluded the committee from establishing a "healthy" intake range. Overarching Findings Recognizing the limitations of the available evidence, the committee found no consistent evidence to support an association between sodium intake and either a beneficial or adverse effect on health outcomes other than CVD outcomes (including stroke and CVD mortality)
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From page 122... ...
Finding 2: The committee found that the evidence from studies on direct health outcomes was insufficient and inconsistent regarding an association between sodium intake below 2,300 mg per day and either benefit or risk of CVD outcomes (including stroke and CVD mortality) or all-cause mortality in the general U.S.
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From page 123... ...
. In contrast, the committee found no evidence for benefit and some evidence suggesting risk of adverse health outcomes associated with sodium intake levels in ranges approximating 1,500 to 2,300 mg per day in other diseasespecific population subgroups, specifically those with diabetes, CKD, or preexisting CVD.
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From page 124... ...
A UL for sodium was set at 2,300 mg per day based on evidence showing associations between high sodium intakes and risk of high blood pressure and consequent risk of CVD, stroke, and mortality. Given this background, overall, the committee found that the available evidence on associations between sodium intake and direct health outcomes is consistent with population-based efforts to lower excessive dietary sodium intakes, but it is not consistent with previous efforts that encourage lowering of dietary sodium in the general population to 1,500 mg per day.
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From page 125... ...
methods that account for potential confounding factors in dietary studies, including the influence of reported total daily caloric intake on observational associations between sodium and health out comes, and methods that clarify attributes of individuals with apparently low sodium intake or excretion; and 5. analyses of interactions with antihypertensive medication and blood pressure in studies examining associations between sodium intake and health outcomes.
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From page 126... ...
In addition to RCT research, mechanistic studies are needed to examine potential physiologic changes associated with lowering sodium intake and adverse health outcomes. Finally, additional observational research is needed to examine associations between sodium intake and cancer, especially gastric cancer in the U.S.
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