Sodium Intake in Populations Assessment of Evidence (2013) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix F: Presentation of Results - Evidence Tables
Appendix F: Presentation of Results - Evidence Tables
Pages 145-210
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From page 145... ...
, published in the English language and published between January 1, 2003, and December 18, 2012, including those conducted in all countries and with all sample sizes, populations, and follow-up periods. Studies were excluded if they included only intermediate outcomes; did not use a food frequency questionnaire, 24-hour recall, dietary diary, or urine analysis methods to estimate dietary sodium intake; did not calculate numerical sodium levels; or did not analyze the independent association between sodium and a health outcome.
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2007. Long term effects of dietary sodium reduction on cardiovascular disease outcomes: Observational follow-up of the trials of hypertension prevention (TOHP)
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2012. Moderation of dietary sodium potentiates the renal and cardiovascular protective effects of angiotensin receptor blockers.
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2011. Short term effects of hypertonic saline solution in acute heart failure and long-term effects of a moderate sodium restriction in patients with compensated heart failure with New York Heart Association class III (class C)
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2008. Relations between dietary sodium and potassium intakes and mortality from cardiovascular disease: The Japan Collaborative Cohort study for evaluation of cancer risks.
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ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ACM, all-cause mortality; ADHF, acute decompensated heart failure; amt, amount; ARB, angiotension receptor blockers; ARR, absolute risk reduction; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; Ca, calcium; CHD, coronary heart disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; CI, confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; d, day; dl, deciliter; DM, diabetes mellitus; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; g, grams; h, hour; HDL, high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol; HR, hazard ratio; HSS, hypertonic saline solution; IDNT, Irbesartan Diabetic Nephropathy Trial; IHD, ischemic heart disease; IS, ischemic stroke; K, potassium; Kt/V, measurement of urea removal; L, liter; LDL, low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; mg, milligrams; MI, myocardial
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Urine electrolyte Control data available for ACM HR=0.90, about 25% of the CI: 0.79, 1.06 subjects CVD mortality * Intervention: HR=0.59, CI: 0.37, 0.95 infarction; ml, milliliter; mm HG, millimeters mercury; mo, month; Na, sodium; N/A, not applicable; NCI, National Cancer Institute; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; NS, not significant; NYHA, New York Heart Association; ONTARGET, ONgoing Telmisartan Alone and in combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial; OR, odds ratio; Q, quartile/quintile; RAAS, rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; RCT, randomized controlled trial; RENAAL, Reduction of Endpoints in NIDDM with the Angiotensiin II Antagonist Losartan Study; RR, relative risk; sat.
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TOHP II (United States) TOHP II 30-54 y with diastolic TOHP II 24-h urine collection at BP 83-89 mmHg and Intervention: baseline, 18, and 36 mo.
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HR=1.37, CI: 1.03, 1.81, p=0.03 CHD mortality HR=1.21, CI: 0.87, 1.68, p=0.25 Cerebrovascular disease mortality HR=1.78, CI: 0.89, 3.55, p=0.10 8.7±2.3 y ACM Age, sex, race, Modest associations between lower education, added Na intake and higher mortality CVD mortality table salt, exercise, ACM alcohol use, current Q1: HR=1.24, CI: 0.91, 1.70 smoking, history of Q2: HR=1.30, CI: 0.96, 1.76 diabetes, history of Q3: HR=1.06, CI: 0.81, 1.40 cancer, systolic BP, Q4: HR=1.00 cholesterol, dietary K, p for Q1 vs. Q4=0.17 weight, treatment of hypertension, calories CVD mortality Q1: HR=1.80, CI: 1.05, 3.08 Q2: HR=1.94, CI: 1.32, 2.85 Q3: HR=1.48, CI: 0.82, 2.67 Q4: HR=1.00 *
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24-h urine collection at baseline, 18, and 36 mo. TOHP II (United States)
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=2.857, CI: 1.501, 5.437, p=0.01 31.4±13.7 mo. ACM Age, sex, BMI, history Lower Na intake associated with of DM or CVD, increased risk of ACM and CVD CVD mortality baseline total Kt/V, total mortality creatinine clearance, mean arterial pressure, ACM serum albumin, *
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, prospective excluding those with cohort Na intake calculated stroke and MI using DIETSYS software (mean age=69±10 y, Na intake examined 64% women; 53% continuously (500 mg/d Hispanic; 24% African unit) and Na intake American; 21% white)
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For every 2,300 mg/d rise in 24-h UNa excretion: HR=0.72, CI: 0.55, 0.94, p=0.017 CVD mortality * For every 2,300 mg/d rise in 24-h UNa excretion: sub-HR=0.65, CI: 0.44, 0.94, p=0.026 10 y (mean)
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cohort concentration standardized from 24-h values using recorded collection times and urinary volumes Analyses per 1 SD increase in UNa excretion
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Q4: HR=1.70, CI: 1.08, 2.68 MI: 500 mg/d increase HR=0.95, CI: 0.86, 1.04 By quartile Q1: HR=1.0 Q2: HR=0.93, CI: 0.58, 1.51 Q3: HR=0.68, CI: 0.40, 1.15 Q4: HR=0.79, CI: 0.37, 1.69 5.5 y (median) ACM Age, sex, 24-h urinary No association between Na intake creatinine excretion, and mortality CVD mortality 24-h urinary potassium, BMI, smoking status, UNa excretion not significantly DM, use of diuretics, associated with incident MI or Incident MI highest completed stroke education, dietary Incident stroke confounders (intake of ACM total energy, alcohol, HR=0.95, CI: 0.81, 1.12 Ca, sat.
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(intervention T3: ≥3,519 mg/d was therapy with angiotensin receptor blockers) , 30-70 y, with type 2 diabetic nephropathy, proteinuria (>500 mg/d, RENAAL; >900 mg/d, IDNT)
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Then at 3-mo. hospitalization for intervals heart failure or T1: HR=0.63 CI: 0.43, 0.92 revascularization T2: HR=1.02, CI: 0.73, 1.43 procedure)
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Nutrient intake Study, 50-69 y who calculated using food smoked ≤5 cigarettes/d at composition database baseline at the National Public Health Institute Na intake quintiles (median) adjusted for energy intake: Q1: 3,909 mg/d Q2: 4,438 mg/d Q3: 4,810 mg/d Q4: 5,212 mg/d Q5: 5,848 mg/d Nagata et Nonhospitalized Population- 29,079 Semi-quantitative al., 2004 Japanese in Takayama based 169-item FFQ City, Gifu, ≥35 y prospective (13,355 cohort men; 15,724 Na intake estimated Exclude people women)
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APPENDIX F 163 Follow-up Confounders Period Health Outcome Adjusted for Results 13.6 y (mean) Cerebral infarction Age, supplementation Na intake not significantly group, number of associated with stroke or Intracerebral cigarettes/d, BMI, subarachnoid hemorrhage hemorrhage systolic and diastolic BP, serum total cholesterol, Subarachnoid serum HDL, history Cerebral infarction hemorrhage of diabetes, history Q1: RR=1.00 of CHD, leisure time Q2: RR=1.08, CI: 0.96, 1.22 physical activity, alcohol Q3: RR=1.05, CI: 0.93, 1.18 intake, total energy Q4: RR=0.99, CI: 0.87, 1.13 intake Q5: RR=1.04, CI: 0.92, 1.18 p for trend=0.99 Intracerebral hemorrhage Q1: RR=1.00 Q2: RR=0.81, CI: 0.58, 1.13 Q3: RR=0.99, CI: 0.71, 1.37 Q4: RR=1.04, CI: 0.75, 1.44 Q5: RR=1.28, CI: 0.93, 1.75 p for trend=0.06 Subarachnoid hemorrhage Q1: RR=1.00 Q2: RR=0.69, CI: 0.44, 1.08 Q3: RR=0.81, CI: 0.52, 1.24 Q4: RR=0.74, CI: 0.48, 1.16 Q5: RR=0.84, CI: 0.54, 1.30 p for trend=0.55 7y Stroke mortality Age, level of education, Increased Na intake associated with marital status, BMI, increased risk of stroke mortality smoking status, alcohol consumption, Men histories of diabetes and T2: HR=1.60, CI: 0.92, 2.80 hypertension, energy T3: HR=2.33, CI: 1.23, 4.45 *
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164 SODIUM INTAKE IN POPULATIONS TABLE F-2 Continued Sodium Exposure Citation Population Studied Study Design Sample Size (method and level) O'Donnell Participants in the Follow-up 28,880 Morning fasting urine et al., 2011 ONTARGET and of two RCT sample used to estimate TRANSCEND trials, at cohorts (20,376 men; 24-h Na excretion using high risk of CVD (with treated 8,504 women)
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ethnicity, prior stroke excretion and CVD mortality CVD mortality or MI, creatinine, BMI, hypertension, DM, atrial Higher Na intake associated with Non-CVD fibrillation, smoking, increased risk of stroke, MI, and mortality LDL, HDL, treatment CHF hospitalization. Lower Na allocation (with intake associated with increased risk Stroke ramipril, telmitarsan or of CHF hospitalization.
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Flemish prospective Na excretion tertiles: Study on Environment, cohort T1: 2,461 mg/d Genes, and Health T2: 3,864 mg/d Outcome; (2) European T3: 5,980 mg/d Project on Genes in Hypertension
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From page 167... ...
ACM Study population, sex, Lower Na intake associated with age, BMI, systolic BP, higher CVD mortality CVD mortality 24-h UK excretion, Na intake not significantly antihypertensive drug associated with CVD events Noncardiovascular treatment, smoking, mortality alcohol, diabetes, total ACM cholesterol, educational T1: HR=1.14, CI: 0.87, 1.50 Fatal and nonfatal attainment T2: HR=0.94, CI: 0.75, 1.18 CVD T3: HR=1.06, CI: 0.84, 1.33 p for trend=0.10 Fatal and nonfatal coronary CVD mortality T1: HR=1.56, CI: 1.02, 2.36 Fatal and nonfatal T2: HR=1.05, CI: 0.72, 1.53 stroke T3: HR=0.95, CI: 0.66, 1.38 * p for trend=0.02 Noncardiovascular mortality T1: HR=0.98, CI: 0.71, 1.36 T2: HR=0.90, CI: 0.68, 1.20 T3: HR=1.11, CI: 0.83, 1.47 p for trend=0.64 Fatal and nonfatal CVD T1: HR=1.13, CI: 0.90, 1.42 T2: HR=1.11, CI: 0.90, 1.36 T3: HR=0.90, CI: 0.73, 1.11 p for trend=0.55 Fatal and nonfatal coronary T1: HR=1.42, CI: 0.99, 2.04 T2: HR=1.17, CI: 0.89, 1.54 T3: HR=0.86, CI: 0.65, 1.13 p for trend=0.10 Fatal and nonfatal stroke T1: HR=1.07, CI: 0.57, 2.00 T2: HR=1.29, CI: 0.75, 2.20 T3: HR=0.78, CI: 0.45, 1.33 p for trend=0.64 continued
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Composition, 5th edition revised Validated with 24-h UNa excretion in subsamples Na intake quintiles based on median intake Q1: 3,084 mg/d Q2: 4,005 mg/d Q3: 4,709 mg/d Q4: 5,503 mg/d Q5: 6,844 mg/d Thomas Finnish, diagnosed Prospective 2,807 Single 24-h urine et al., 2011 with type 1 diabetes cohort collection diagnosed before 35 Na excretion tertiles y, without ESRD at T1: <2,346 mg/d baseline T2: 2,346-4,301 mg/d T3: >4,301 mg/d Mean age=39 y; median duration of diabetes= 20 y
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ACM Age, sex, duration of UNa excretion significantly diabetes, presence/ associated with ACM (*
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excluding those with prior CVD Umesawa Japanese subjects in the Prospective 58,730 35-item FFQ et al., 2008 Japan Collaborative cohort; Study for Evaluation mortality (23,119 Responses were of Cancer Risk, follow-up on men; 35,611 * Rarely 40-79 y with no history population women)
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12.7 y (mean) Total stroke Age, sex, BMI, smoking Higher Na intake associated with mortality status, alcohol intake, increased risk of stroke and CVD history of hypertension, mortality CVD mortality history of diabetes, menopause, hormone Stroke mortality CHD mortality replacement therapy, Q1: HR=1.00 time spent on sports Q2: HR=0.96, CI: 0.76, 1.22 activities, walking time, Q3: HR=1.26, CI: 1.00, 1.59 educational status, Q4: HR=1.42, CI: 1.12, 1.80 perceived mental stress, Q5: HR=1.55, CI: 1.21, 2.00 Ca intake, K intake *
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Na intake quartiles by midvalue of quartile of estimated usual intake in population: Q1: 2,176 mg/d Q2: 3,040 mg/d Q3: 3,864 mg/d Q4: 5,135 mg/d
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p for trend=0.02 CVD mortality Q1: HR=1.00 Q2: HR=0.95, CI: 0.71, 1.27 Q3: HR=0.90, CI: 0.51, 1.60 Q4: HR=0.83, CI: 0.31, 2.28 p for trend=0.72 IHD mortality Q1: HR=1.00 Q2: HR=1.17, CI: 0.84-1.62 Q3: HR=1.36, CI: 0.71, 2.58 Q4: HR=1.70, CI: 0.55, 5.27 p for trend=0.36
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174 SODIUM INTAKE IN POPULATIONS TABLE F-3 Evidence Tables: CVD/Stroke/Mortality Case-Control Studies Sample Size (case/ Citation Population Studied Study Design control) Baune et al., Cases: Patients in the Gaza Strip Hospital-based 112 cases 2005 who had been hospitalized for acute case-control 224 stroke and history of hypertension, controls 40-69 y, 52% men Controls: Patients in the Gaza Strip with hypertension and no history of stroke, 40-69 y, 52% men
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APPENDIX F 175 Sodium Exposure Confounders (method and level) Health Outcome Adjusted for Results Questionnaire Stroke Age, sex Significant association including 1 between stroke and question on Significant excessive use of salt at "excessive use of differences in meals salt" (yes/no)
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, 53-86 y 2,760 mg/d Na Control Control 118 (73 men; 45 Intervention group Ejection fraction women) diet + 920 mg/d Na <35% (same amt of sat fat, fruit, etc.)
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APPENDIX F 177 Follow-up Co-intervention Blinding Period Health Outcome Results 1,000 ml/d fluid Double blind 12 mo Mortality Significantly + 125 or 250 mg fewer deaths and furosemide twice Weekly (after Readmissions for readmissions in a day 30 d post- worsening CHF control group discharge) for the first mo, Mortality every 2 wks *
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1,840 mg Na (NYHA class III Control and 890 to IV) , 53-86 y 2,760 mg/d Na (control)
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APPENDIX F 179 Follow-up Co-intervention Blinding Period Health Outcome Results 1,000 ml/d fluid Evaluations by Weekly (after Readmission for Normal Na diet + 250-500 mg/d two physicians 30 d post- worsening CHF associated with furosemide twice blinded to the discharge) for significantly reduced a day study the first mo, readmissions every 2 wks *
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two outpatient clinics, mean age 60±13 y Records analyzed using ESHA Food Processor SQL vs. 10.1 Validated with 2 urine collections in subgroup Na intake tertiles: T1: ≤1,900 mg/d T2: 2,000-2,700 mg/d T3: ≥2,800 mg/d Lennie Chronic CHF patients Prospective 302 24-h urine collection et al., from outpatient cohort 2011 clinics in Kentucky, (203 men; UNa excretion levels Georgia, Indiana, 99 women)
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T1 * HR=1.39, CI: 1.06, 1.83, p=0.018 12 mo Event-free survival Age, sex, CHF Higher UNa excretion etiology, BMI, levels (≥3,000 mg/d)
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From page 182... ...
based on 24-h Na/ trials 209 centers creatinine ratios: in the Americas, T1: <2,783 mg/d Australia, Europe, and T2: 2,783-3,519 Israel) (intervention mg/d was therapy with T3: ≥3,519 mg/d angiotensin receptor blockers)
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CKD progression T1: HR=0.57 CI: 0.39, 0.84 T2: HR=1.00, CI: 0.70, 1.42 T3: HR=1.37, CI: 0.96, 1.96 * p for interaction<0.001 ESRD T1: HR=0.54 CI: 0.34, 0.86 T2: HR=0.82, CI: 0.54, 1.26 T3: HR=1.35, CI: 0.88, 2.07 *
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From page 184... ...
184 SODIUM INTAKE IN POPULATIONS TABLE F-6 Continued Study Sample Citation Population Studied Design Size Sodium Exposure Thomas et al., Finnish, diagnosed Prospective 2,807 Single 24-h urine 2011 with type 1 diabetes cohort collection diagnosed before Na excretion 35 y, without ESRD at tertiles baseline T1: <2,346 mg/d T2: 2,346-4,301 Mean age=39 y; median mg/d duration of diabetes= T3: >4,301 mg/d 20 y
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APPENDIX F 185 Confounders Follow-up Period Health Outcome Adjusted for Results 10 y (median) ESRD Age, sex, duration UNa excretion of diabetes, significantly associated presence/severity of with ESRD (*
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Amount of food consumed * Frequency of consumption of vegetables, fruit, and sausages 24-h urine collection 24-h UNa excretion quartile cutpoints: Men (in 1982 sample)
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APPENDIX F 187 Follow-up Health Confounders Period Outcome Adjusted for Results 18.1 y Type 2 Age, sex, study Higher Na intake associated (mean) diabetes year, BMI, physical with increased risk of type 2 incidence activity, systolic BP, diabetes antihypertensive drug treatment, education, Q4 vs.
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188 SODIUM INTAKE IN POPULATIONS TABLE F-7 Continued Population Study Sample Sodium Exposure Citation Studied Design Size (method and level) Roy and African Prospective 469 Reduced 60-item FFQ Janal, 2010 Americans in cohort (BRIEF87)
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APPENDIX F 189 Follow-up Health Confounders Period Outcome Adjusted for Results 6y Macular Baseline age, sex, Baseline Na intake edema (ME) glycated hemoglobin significantly, positively level, hypertension, associated with incidence of proteinuria, blood ME cholesterol level, socioeconomic status, ME physical exercise, calories *
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190 SODIUM INTAKE IN POPULATIONS TABLE F-8 Evidence Tables: Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes Cross-Sectional Studies Citation Population Studied Study Design Sample Size Daimon et al., Japanese subjects Population-based 2,956 2008 in the Takahata cross-sectional study, >35 y Rodrigues et al., Patients, Population-based 1,662 2009 25-64 y, who went cross-sectional to the University Hospital in Brazil to undergo clinical and laboratory exams
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From page 191... ...
association between components (waist UNa excretion and Daily Na intake circumference, metabolic syndrome estimated based triglycerides level, components when on 45% of total HDL cholesterol normotensive daily Na excreted level, glucose level) individuals were at night stratified by sex and number of metabolic syndrome components (p=0.49 for men, p=0.63 for women)
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192 SODIUM INTAKE IN POPULATIONS TABLE F-8 Continued Citation Population Studied Study Design Sample Size Teramoto et al., Participants in the Prospective cohort 9,585 2011 Olmesartan Mega Study to Determine 8,576 at follow-up the Relationship between Cardiovascular Endpoints and Blood Pressure Goal Achievement (OMEGA) ; olmesartan-naïve Japanese adults, 50-79 y diagnosed with hypertension receiving treatment at outpatient clinics
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3-5/wk * intake every day Estimated Na intake calculated using formula from Arakawa et al.
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194 SODIUM INTAKE IN POPULATIONS TABLE F-9 Evidence Tables: Gastrointestinal Cancer Cohort Studies Study Sample Sodium Exposure Citation Population Studied Design Size (method and level) Murata Japanese, 40-79 y, Population 6,830 Self-administered et al., without a cancer cohort dietary questionnaire to 2010 diagnosis (3,074 assess usual intake of men; salted foods (e.g., 3,756 1/day, 2-4/week)
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APPENDIX F 195 Follow-up Health Confounders Period Outcome Adjusted for Results 13.9 y Stomach Age, BMI, physical Higher Na intake associated cancer activity, smoking, with increased risk of mortality alcohol, history of stomach and rectal cancer diabetes, intake of in men, but not women Rectal cancer vegetables, fruit, tea, red mortality meat, processed meat High vs. Low intake Esophageal Stomach cancer cancer *
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with no list of foods to select Assessed frequency of intake of salted foods and sprinkling extra salt on food, and then calculated a summary score of salt intake
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pylori infection * HR=2.87, CI: 1.14, 7.24, p<0.05 15.4 y Gastric Age, gender, smoking No statistically significant adenocarcin- status, alcohol use, association between oma physical activity, levels of intake of salted occupation level foods and risk of gastric adenocarcinoma Intake of salted foods p for trend=0.39 Sprinkling extra salt on food p for trend=0.56 Summary score of salt intake p for trend=0.87 continued
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edition revised Validated with 24-h UNa excretion in subsamples Na intake quintiles (median)
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From page 199... ...
cancer energy, K, and Ca Total cancer Q1: HR=1.00 Colorectal Q2: HR=1.02, CI: 0.93, cancer 1.13 Q3: HR=1.07, CI: 0.96, 1.18 Q4: HR=1.01, CI: 0.91, 1.12 Q5: HR=1.04, CI: 0.93, 1.16 p for trend=0.61 Gastric cancer Q1: HR=1.00 Q2: HR=1.05, CI: 0.84, 1.31 Q3: HR=1.06, CI: 0.84, 1.34 Q4: HR=1.05, CI: 0.83, 1.34 Q5: HR=1.07, CI: 0.83, 1.38 p for trend=0.64 Colorectal cancer Q1: HR=1.00 Q2: HR=1.05, CI: 0.84, 1.33 Q3: HR=1.08, CI: 0.85, 1.37 Q4: HR=1.08, CI: 0.84, 1.37 Q5: HR=1.10, CI: 0.85, 1.42 p for trend=0.51 continued
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districts supervised by 4 regional public Individuals with health centers extreme energy intakes were excluded (upper and lower 2.5%) Validated with 28-day dietary record Na intake quintiles by median: Q1: 2,900 mg/day Q2: 4,800 mg/day Q3: 6,100 mg/day Q4: 7,500 mg/day Q5: 9,900 mg/day
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APPENDIX F 201 Follow-up Health Confounders Period Outcome Adjusted for Results 12 y Gastric cancer Age, smoking, fruit High salted foods were and non-green-yellow strongly associated with vegetable gastric cancer in men intake Men Q1: RR=1.00 Q2: RR=1.74, CI: 1.14, 2.66 Q3: RR=1.96, CI: 1.30, 2.97 Q4: RR=2.30, CI: 1.53, 3.46 Q5: RR=2.23, CI: 1.48, 3.35 * p for trend<0.001 Women Q1: RR=1.00 Q2: RR=0.86, CI: 0.47, 1.56 Q3: RR=0.96, CI: 0.54, 1.72 Q4: RR=0.58, CI: 0.30, 1.12 Q5: RR=1.32, CI: 0.76, 2.28 p for trend=0.48 Further stratification by study location diminished the association continued
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62,573 women) Dietary Na calculated using computerized Dutch food composition table and validated against 9 dietary records Na intake adjusted for energy intake Na intake quintiles by median: Q1: 1,640 mg/d Q2: 2,040 mg/d Q3: 2,280 mg/d Q4: 2,600 mg/d Q5: 3,240 mg/d
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APPENDIX F 203 Follow-up Health Confounders Period Outcome Adjusted for Results 6.3 y Stomach Energy, age, sex, No relationship between cancer education level, self- energy-adjusted salt intake reported stomach quintiles and stomach disorders, family history cancer of stomach cancer, smoking status Q1 vs. Q5 Positive, nonsignificant associations were found for bacon (RR=1.33; CI 1.03, 1.71)
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pylori infection Controls: Korean men and women Peleteiro et Cases: Portuguese, diagnosed with Hospital-based 422 cases al., 2011 gastric cancer case-control 649 controls Controls: Portuguese, 18-92 y
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* OR=6.22, CI: 1.99, 7.86, p=0.000 Person-to- Gastric cancer Age, sex, family Increase in early person interview history, duration gastric cancer risk conducted using of education, positively and semiquantitative smoking, drinking, significantly associated 161-item FFQ H
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206 SODIUM INTAKE IN POPULATIONS TABLE F-10 Continued Sample Size Citation Population studied Study Design (case/control) Pelucchi et Cases: Italian men and women, Hospital-based 230 cases al., 2009 22-80 y, with confirmed stomach case-control 547 controls cancer Controls: Italian men and women, 22-80 y, frequency matched by age and sex Strumylaite Cases: Lithuanian with newly Hospital-based 379 cases et al., 2006 diagnosed gastric cancer, 22-86 y case-control 1,137 controls Controls: Lithuanian individually matched by gender and age ±5 y
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From page 207... ...
Na intake quartiles (not provided) Self-administered Gastric cancer Smoking, alcohol Increased risk structured consumption, of gastric cancer questionnaire family history of associated with: about dietary cancer, education habits (56 diet level, residence, Use of additional salt: items)
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208 SODIUM INTAKE IN POPULATIONS TABLE F-10 Continued Sample Size Citation Population studied Study Design (case/control) Zhang and Cases: Japanese men and women Population-based 235 cases Zhang, 2011 diagnosed with gastric cancer, case-control 410 controls 40-75 y Controls: Japanese men and women, 35-77 y
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From page 209... ...
increased risk of calculated by pylori infection gastric cancer: national food T1: OR=1.00 composition tables T2: OR=1.95, CI: and the USDA food 1.23, 3.03, p=0.012 composition tables T3: OR=3.78, CI: 1.74, 5.44, p=0.12 Na intake tertiles T1: <3,000 mg/d T2: 3,000-5,000 mg/d T3: >5,000 mg/d
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