Evaluating Obesity Prevention Efforts A Plan for Measuring Progress (2013) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix E: Disparities Tables
Appendix E: Disparities Tables
Pages 331-400
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were focused at the community level, and the rest were individual level (N=29)
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are focused at the community level, and one-third are at the individual level (N=17)
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After applying exclusionary criteria, removing duplicate tools and methods, and targeting the search toward populations of interest, the Committee included 8 tools and methods in Table E-3. Of these, five were focused at the community level and three at the individual level.
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Of those reporting psychometric data, 4 reported findings for both reliability and validity, N=7 + 21 GEMS reported only reliability, and N=3 cited valid ity only. Of the tools and methods in which some form of reliability was reported, methods included 334 Evaluating Obesity Prevention Efforts
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In doing so, potential inconsistencies in how constructs of interest were defined, inaccuracy in categorizing tools and methods, or omission of critical variables of interest could have crept into this report. NCCOR-R was designed to house tools and methods particularly relevant to childhood obesity, which may limit inclusion of relevant tools and methods beyond youth; however, many food and physical activity environmental tools and methods identified are not age-specific and were therefore included and apply to the adult population.
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:E56. 336 Evaluating Obesity Prevention Efforts
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International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 5:23. Burdette, H
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International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 3:28. 338 Evaluating Obesity Prevention Efforts
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International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 5:55. Gattshall, M
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:668-673. 340 Evaluating Obesity Prevention Efforts
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International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2(1)
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:612-621. 342 Evaluating Obesity Prevention Efforts
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2005. Development and use of a tool for assessing sidewalk maintenance as an environmental support of physical activity.
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administered, direct observation Socioeconomic: NR N=998 adults Life course exposure: NR Reliability – inter-rater; Validity – concurrent, discriminant, convergent Neighborhood Community level Race/ethnicity: AA, Living and working Environment To assess neighborhood Hispanic, Asian, white conditions: Street Walkability Survey design factors and recreational Sex: M/F connectivity, crime/ (NEWS) environments Sexual identity: NR safety, traffic safety, (Atkinson et al., 68 items; self-administered Disability: NR facility access, aesthetics, 2005)
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preadolescents and adolescents, Sexual identity: NR Life course exposure: taking growth and development Disability: NR Assessed over 12-month into account Geographic: NR period 132 items N=10,769 children 6-18 yrs old Reliability – NR; Validity – criterion Physical Activity 17 items Questionnaire for Reliability – inter-instrument; 9 to 14 Year Olds Validity – criterion (Berkey et al., 2000) TV, Video, Items: NR & Games Reliability – NR; Validity – NR Questionnaire for 9 to 14 Year Olds (Berkey et al., 2000)
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students arrived to school 1 week white connectivity, population and before Walk to School Day Sex: NR housing density 1 item; GIS protocol Sexual identity: NR Sociocultural: NR N=NR, 5th-grade students from Disability: NR Socioeconomic: Covariates – 34 of 150 elementary schools Geographic: NR SES, race; Related variables – surveyed WIC/school lunch program Reliability – NR; Validity – NR Life course exposure: NR Physical Activity Community level Race/ethnicity: AA, white Living and working Environment Tested reliability of 3 Sex: M/F conditions: Facility adequacy, (Brownson et al., questionnaires that assess social Sexual identity: NR access, aesthetics 2004) and physical environments Disability: NR Sociocultural: NR 61 items; researcher-administered Geographic: Urban/rural Socioeconomic: Related by phone variables – income, N=97 adults employment, education Reliability – test-retest; Validity Life course exposure: NR – NR Perceived Community level Race/ethnicity: AA, white Living and working Community Tested reliability of 3 Sex: M/F conditions: Perceived barriers and Workplace questionnaires that assess social Sexual identity: NR to PA, cycling infrastructure, Environment and physical environments Disability: NR pedestrian/traffic safety, (Brownson et al., 104 items; researcher-administered Geographic: Urban/rural policy 2004)
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with 2 parental-report methods of Disability: NR Sociocultural: NR children's outdoor playtime Geographic: Urban Socioeconomic: NR 4 items; third party, direct Life course exposure: NR observation N=250 children Reliability – NR; Validity – criterion Proximity of Fast Community level Race/ethnicity: AA, white Living and working Food Restaurants To examine the proximity Sex: NR conditions: Availability/access (Burdette and of children's residences to Sexual identity: NR to fast food restaurants Whitaker, 2004) playgrounds and fast food Disability: NR Sociocultural: NR restaurants and neighborhood Geographic: NR Socioeconomic: Related safety GIS protocol variables – WIC/school lunch N=7,020 low-income children program Reliability – NR; Validity – NR Life course exposure: NR Environmental and Individual level Race/ethnicity: AA, white Living and working Policy Factors To measure perceived association Sex: M/F conditions: Pedestrian (Catlin et al., between environmental and policy Sexual identity: NR infrastructure, aesthetics, 2003)
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12 items; self-administered or in recreational facility/area, person school, transportation N=119 AA and 117 white parents infrastructure, youth Reliability – internal consistency; programs Validity – content Sociocultural: NR Socioeconomic: Related variables – income, education Life course exposure: NR 348 Evaluating Obesity Prevention Efforts
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individual health parameters in Disability: NR Sociocultural: Covariates – 35 counties compared to county Geographic: Urban social influence crime and walkability Socioeconomic: Covariates – Items: NR; SES, race; Related variables researcher-administered – income, education, and time N=9,252 adults across 35 urban living in area counties Life course exposure: NR Reliability – NR; Validity – NR Barriers to Walking Community level Race/ethnicity: Hispanic, Living and working for PA Questions to measure barriers to Asian, HI/PI, white conditions: Total (Dunton and walking for PA were developed Sex: M/F environment, locations, Schneider, 2006) and tested among college students Sexual identity: NR commute 10 items; type of measure: NR Disability: NR Sociocultural: NR N=305 college students Geographic: Urban Socioeconomic: Related Reliability – test-retest, internal variables – education consistency; Validity – criterion, Life course exposure: NR concurrent Density, Design, Community level Race/ethnicity: AA, Living and working and Diversity Near To determine whether Hispanic, white conditions: Land use, facility Home characteristics of neighborhood Sex: M/F access, street connectivity, (Epstein et al., environment are related to Sexual identity: NR population/housing density 2006)
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with PA in a diverse adult Disability: NR facility access, adequacy, population; Pikora framework Geographic: Urban/rural aesthetics, land use, 51 items; researcher-administered pedestrian infrastructure, by phone facility access, availability/ N=106 adults proximity Reliability – test-retest, internal Sociocultural: NR consistency; Validity – NR Socioeconomic: Related variables – employment, education Life course exposure: NR 350 Evaluating Obesity Prevention Efforts
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GIS protocol Sexual identity: NR population/housing density, N=6,760 subjects in 954 urban Disability: NR sprawl counties Geographic: Urban/rural Sociocultural: NR Reliability – NR; Validity – NR Socioeconomic: Covariates – SES, race Life course exposure: NR National Community level Race/ethnicity: AA, Living and working Longitudinal To determine if urban sprawl is Hispanic, white conditions: NR Survey of Youth: associated with health, BMI for Sex: M/F Sociocultural: NR Diet and Activity U.S. youth Sexual identity: NR Socioeconomic: NR Questions 9 items; researcher-administered Disability: NR Life course exposure: NR (Ewing et al., questionnaire Geographic: NR 2006)
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environment unique to each Sexual identity: NR connectivity, land use, household's physical location Disability: NR population/housing density developed within a GIS to assess Geographic: Urban Sociocultural: NR land-use mix, residential density, Socioeconomic: Covariates – and street connectivity. Measures SES, race; Related variables were then combined into a – income, education walkability index; GIS protocol Life course exposure: NR N=357 Reliability – NR; Validity – predictive Physical Activity Community level Race/ethnicity: AA, Living and working Survey for 5th Survey of environmental Hispanic, white conditions: Street Graders characteristics, adopted from Sex: M/F connectivity, cycling (Franzini et al., the Youth Risk Behavior Survey Sexual identity: NR infrastructure, facility access, 2009)
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Validity – NR Socioeconomic: Covariates – SES, race; Related variables – income, education Life course exposure: NR Home Home – individual level Race/ethnicity: AA, AI/ Living and working Environment To validate a survey instrument to AN, Hispanic, Asian, conditions: Food Survey assess home environments for PA white environment, PA (Gattshall et al., and healthy eating in overweight Sex: M/F environment, individual diet 2008) children Sexual identity: NR and PA variables 126 items; self-administered Disability: NR Sociocultural: Covariates questionnaire Geographic: NR – social influence, parental N=219 children; N=156 parents modeling Reliability – inter-rater, test-retest, Socioeconomic: Related internal consistency; Validity variables – education – predictive Life course exposure: NR Perceived Barriers Individual level Race/ethnicity: AA, Living and working to Physical Activity To model relationships between Hispanic, white conditions: Perceived crime/ (Gomez et al., outdoor PA and objective violent Sex: M/F safety 2004)
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how disparity in access might Disability: NR Sociocultural: NR underlie population-level PA and Geographic: NR Socioeconomic: Covariates: overweight patterns; GIS protocol SES, race; Related variables – N=20,745 students 12-18 yrs education, population density old in 132 schools across 42,857 Life course exposure: NR census blocks Reliability – NR; Validity – NR Perceived Physical Individual level Race/ethnicity: AA, Asian, Living and working Competence and Measurement of access to white conditions: NR Social Support for environmental PA resources Sex: M/F Sociocultural: NR Physical Activity moderates the relationship Sexual identity: NR Socioeconomic: Related Scales for 14 Year between psychosocial resources Disability: NR variables – income Olds (social support and perceived Geographic: Urban Life course exposure: NR (Graham et al., competence)
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and PA preferences Construction of tool/method from Socioeconomic: Related existing data variables – income N=192 adolescents Life course exposure: NR Reliability – NR; Validity – NR Neighborhood Community level Race/ethnicity: Hispanic Living and working Parks and Squares Direct observation of parks Sex: M/F conditions: Cycling in Curitiba, Brazil and squares in differing SES Sexual identity: NR infrastructure, facility access, (Hino et al., 2010) neighborhoods to determine PA Disability: NR adequacy/appeal or quality, and demographics of users Geographic: Urban population/housing density, GIS protocol; sample size – NR open space/greenness Reliability – NR; Validity – NR Sociocultural: NR Socioeconomic: Covariates – SES, race; Related variables – income Life course exposure: NR Neighborhood Community level Race/ethnicity: AA, AI/ Living and working Environment and Adapted tool/measure to examine AN, white conditions: Pedestrian traffic Access associations between perceived Sex: M/F safety, infrastructure, street (Huston et al., neighborhood characteristics, Sexual identity: NR lights, unattended dogs 2003)
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associated with PA levels in older Geographic: Urban was used to capture general women; GIS protocol differences in street design, N=158 women land use Reliability – NR; Validity Sociocultural: NR – construct Socioeconomic: Covariates – SES, race; Related variables – employment, education, marital status Life course exposure: NR 356 Evaluating Obesity Prevention Efforts
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to determine validity and Geographic: Urban adequacy/appeal, pedestrian reliability; correlated with GIS infrastructure, social 26 items; researcher-administered environment by phone Sociocultural: NR N=1,112 adults Socioeconomic: Related Reliability – test-retest; Validity variables – income, education – predictive Life course exposure: NR Walking Suitability Community level Race/ethnicity: AA, AI/ Living and working Score To examine the usefulness of AN, Hispanic, Asian, conditions: Pedestrian, traffic, (Lee et al., 2008) applying a walking suitability white infrastructure assessment to geographic area Sex: M/F Sociocultural: NR around schools Sexual identity: NR Socioeconomic: Related 11 items; sample size = NR Disability: NR variables – WIC/school lunch Reliability – NR; Validity Geographic: Urban participation – construct Life course exposure: NR Perceived Natural Individual level Race/ethnicity: AA, Living and working Environment Adapted from 2001 BRFSS Hispanic, white conditions: Weather, trees, (McGinn et al., module–perceived measures of Sex: M/F exhaust fumes/pollution 2007a)
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correlation Disability: NR Socioeconomic: Covariates – 6 items; Researcher-administered Geographic: Urban/rural SES, race; Related variables by phone – income, education N=1,658 adults Life course exposure: NR Reliability – test-retest; Validity – concurrent Objective Community level Race/ethnicity: AA, white Living and working Measures of Crime To compare measures of perceived Sex: M/F conditions: Crime/safety (McGinn et al., crime with observed crime and Sexual identity: NR Sociocultural: NR 2008) examine association between Disability: NR Socioeconomic: Covariates – independent and combined effects Geographic: Urban SES, race; Related variables of objective and perceived crime – income, education on PA; GIS protocol Life course exposure: NR Items: NR N=303 Reliability – NR; Validity – concurrent 358 Evaluating Obesity Prevention Efforts
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patterning of neighborhood Disability: NR comparison of weight and characteristics, beyond basic Geographic: Urban/rural/ PA survey data to subject urban, rural, suburban suburban neighborhood characteristics trichotomy, and its impact on PA Sociocultural: NR and overweight; GIS protocol Socioeconomic: Covariates – N=20,745 students 12-18 yrs old SES, race; Related variables in 132 schools – education Reliability – NR; Validity – NR Life course exposure: NR Measure of Community level Race/ethnicity: AA, AI/ Living and working Community To establish neighborhood-level AN, Hispanic, Asian, conditions: Street Design and Access environmental features and their white connectivity, facility access, to Recreational association with adolescent PA Sex: NR land use, population/ Facilities and weight status, PA correlated Sexual identity: NR housing density, pedestrian (Norman et al., with GIS analysis of surrounding Disability: NR infrastructure, retail floor 2006) environment; GIS protocol Geographic: Urban area and walkability index N=799 subjects 6-18 yrs old Sociocultural: NR Reliability – NR; Validity – NR Socioeconomic: Covariates – SES, race; Related variables – education Life course exposure: NR continued Appendix E 359
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objective Geographic: Urban environment 2011) structured inventory Socioeconomic: Covariates – 78 items SES, race; Related variables N=365 subjects 6-18 yrs old – income, education, Reliability – NR; Validity – NR employment status, WIC/ school lunch program Life course exposure: NR 360 Evaluating Obesity Prevention Efforts
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weight, and height Sexual identity: NR pedestrian traffic safety, (Saelens et al., 68 items; questionnaire Disability: NR cycling infrastructure, 2003) N=107 adults in 2 neighborhoods Geographic: Urban aesthetics, land use, Reliability – test-retest; Validity pedestrian infrastructure, – concurrent population/housing density Sociocultural: NR Socioeconomic: Related variables – education Life course exposure: NR Perceived Access Individual level Race/ethnicity: AA, Living and working to Recreational To examine the relationship Hispanic, white conditions: Facility access Facilities between number and proximity of Sex: Female Sociocultural: NR (Scott et al., 2007)
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present in neighborhoods located aesthetics/beautification in a large urban area, examine Sociocultural: NR association between presence Socioeconomic: Covariates – of buoys and neighborhood- SES, race level indicators of affluence, Life course exposure: NR proportions of individuals w/disabilities living in the neighborhood, and other active living indicators 18-item survey; researcher administered, direct observation N=112 neighborhoods Reliability – inter-rater; Validity – construct 362 Evaluating Obesity Prevention Efforts
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researcher-administered Disability: NR Socioeconomic: NR Reliability – Inter-rater; Validity Geographic: Urban Life course exposure: NR – NR Community Community level Race/ethnicity: HI/PI, Living and working Resource To develop an area-based index white conditions: Objective measure Accessibility Index of locational access to community Sex: NR of facility access, adequacy/ (CRAI) services, facilities, and amenities; Sexual identity: NR appeal or quality/type of (Witten et al., GIS protocol Disability: NR facility, availability/access to 2003)
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measure of food intake and PA/ Sexual identity: NR Socioeconomic: NR sedentary behavior Disability: NR Life course exposure: NR 19 items Geographic: Urban/rural N=35 children 7-16 yrs old Reliability – test retest; Validity – criterion NOTES: AA = African American, AI = American Indian; AN = Alaska Native; BMI = body mass index; F = female; GIS = geographic infor mation systems; HI/PI = Hawaiian/Pacific Islander; M = male; NR = not relevant; PA = physical activity; SES = socioeconomic status; WIC = Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children 364 Evaluating Obesity Prevention Efforts
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stores carrying fresh produce Sexual identity: NR Sociocultural: NR Existing data; items not included Disability: NR Socioeconomic: Covariates N=3,985 food pantry clients and Geographic: NR – food security/insecurity; 84 food stores Related variables – income, Reliability – NR; Validity – NR education Life course exposure: NR Thrifty Food Plan Community level Race/ethnicity: NR Living and working (TFP) To assess whether food is available Sex: NR conditions: Availability/access (Andrews et al., and affordable in a community by Sexual identity: NR to a variety of foods 2001)
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women Socioeconomic: Covariates – Reliability – NR; Validity – NR SES, race; Related variables – education Life course exposure: NR Home Fruit Individual level Race/ethnicity: AA, Living and working and Vegetable To assess the psychometric Hispanic, white conditions: Purchasing habits, Availability characteristics of new scales of Sex: NR label reading Interview shopping practices and social Sexual identity: NR Sociocultural: NR (Baranowski et al., support for purchasing fruits and Disability: NR Socioeconomic: Related 2006) vegetables Geographic: Urban variables – education Items – NR; Life course exposure: NR researcher-administered N=166 food shoppers with children at home Reliability – test-retest, internal consistency; Validity – construct 366 Evaluating Obesity Prevention Efforts
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24 items; researcher-administered SES, race focus groups Life course exposure: NR N=122 adults Reliability – NA; Validity – construct Home Fruit, Individual level–home Race/ethnicity: AA, Living and working Juice, and environment Hispanic, white conditions: Home availability Vegetables Pantry To develop a scale for home FJV Sex: NR and access to FJV Management pantry management practices Sexual identity: NR Sociocultural: Covariates – Practices Survey generated from focus group Disability: NR social influence (e.g., parental Instruments discussions with food shoppers Geographic: NR modeling) (Baranowski et al., 24 items; self-administered by Socioeconomic: Related 2008)
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GIS distribution of fast food Sexual identity: NR access to foods Analysis restaurants relative to Disability: NR Sociocultural: NR (Block et al., 2004) neighborhood socio- Geographic: Urban Socioeconomic: Covariates – demographics; GIS protocol SES, race; Related variables N=155 – income Reliability – NR; Validity – NR Life course exposure: NR 368 Evaluating Obesity Prevention Efforts
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widely used measure of parental Disability: NR Socioeconomic: Covariates – feeding practices Geographic: Urban SES; Related variables – WIC/ 31 items school lunch program N=296 low-income parents of AA Life course exposure: NR preschool children Reliability – internal consistency; Validity – NR Healthy Home Individual level Race/ethnicity: AA, white Living and working Survey To develop a survey to assess Sex: M/F conditions: Availability, (Bryant et al., characteristics of the home Sexual identity: NR access, policy/practice, meals 2008) environment Disability: NR together, facility adequacy 21 items; researcher- or Geographic: NR and quality of home/building self-administered environment N=85 families with at least 1 child Sociocultural: NR between 3-8 yrs old; N=45 for Socioeconomic: Related repeat testing variables – income Reliability – inter-rater; Validity Life course exposure: NR – criterion Menu Checklist Individual level–community Race/ethnicity: AA Living and working on Healthy Choice assessment Sex: NR conditions: Labeling, point Cues To develop and test menu Sexual identity: NR of purchase, food quality at (Cassady et al., checklist to assess cues for healthy Disability: NR restaurants 2004)
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environment and fruit and Disability: NR grocery stores/home/ vegetable intake/community and Geographic: NR neighborhood home food environment Sociocultural: NR 20 items; self- or Socioeconomic: Related third-party-administered variables – income N=458 adolescents and parents Life course exposure: NR Reliability – internal consistency; Validity – NR Price and Community level Race/ethnicity: AA, white Living and working Availability Indices To develop and map indices to Sex: NR conditions: Availability/ of Healthy Food illustrate variation in the cost and Sexual identity: NR access to food environment, (Donkin et al., availability of healthy food Disability: NR convenience/corner stores, 2000) Administered in person Geographic: NR restaurants, grocery/ N=194 items; N=199 outlets supermarket, Reliability – NR; Validity – NR Sociocultural: NR Socioeconomic: Food pricing; Covariates – SES, race; Related variables – income Life course exposure: NR 370 Evaluating Obesity Prevention Efforts
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neighborhood environment Disability: NR facility access, availability, of possible relevance to Geographic: Urban proximity cardiovascular disease Sociocultural: NR Researcher-administered face-to- Socioeconomic: Related face interviews variables – income, education N=12 items; N=48 participants Life course exposure: NR Reliability – test-retest; Validity – NR Home Fruit, Juice, Individual level Race/ethnicity: AA Living and working and Vegetables To examine whether median Sex: Male conditions: Availability and (FJV) Availability family income and FJV availability Sexual identity: NR access to foods at groceries, Fruit, Juice, in grocery stores, restaurants, Disability: NR restaurants, and home and Vegetables and homes in 11 census tracts Geographic: Urban Sociocultural: NR Availability correlated with FJV consumption Socioeconomic: Covariates – Checklist 25 items; phone interview SES, race (Edmonds et al., N=90 AA Boy Scouts 11-14 yrs Life course exposure: NR 2001)
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retail food stores; environmental Disability: NR and access, food quality for Retail Stores observation Geographic: Urban Sociocultural: NR (Glanz et al., 93 items; researcher-administered Socioeconomic: Affordability 2007) N=85 stores; 4 neighborhoods in and pricing; Related variables urban area – income Reliability – test-retest, inter-rater, Life course exposure: NR internal consistency; Validity – face construct 372 Evaluating Obesity Prevention Efforts
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N=NR, 10 counties, 25 census Sociocultural: NR tracts Socioeconomic: Covariates – Reliability – NR; Validity – NR SES, race; Related variables – income Life course exposure: NR Consumer Food Community level Race/ethnicity: AA, AI/ Living and working Choice and Access To determine access to fruits/ AN, Hispanic, Asian, conditions: Food availability Survey vegetables by low-income white and access (Hendrickson et residents living in selected Sex: M/F Sociocultural: NR al., 2006) urban and rural Minnesotan Sexual identity: NR Socioeconomic: Food communities; focus groups Disability: NR affordability and pricing, N=796 low-income subjects from Geographic: Urban/rural Related variables – income, rural and urban communities employment/unemployment, Reliability – NR; Validity – NR education Life course exposure: NR continued Appendix E 373
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viewing predicts mother and – income, education, toddler food consumption employment status, WIC/ 4 items; self- or school lunch program third-party-administered Life course exposure: NR N=199 AA/200 Caucasian, low income mother-toddler dyads Reliability – NR; Validity – NR 374 Evaluating Obesity Prevention Efforts
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screening tool designed to Sex: NR environment (Ihmels et al., assess family environmental Sexual identity: NR Sociocultural: Family 2009) and behavioral factors that may Disability: NR environment/parent/ predispose a child to becoming Geographic: Urban behavioral factors overweight Socioeconomic: Covariates – 21 items; third-party-administered SES, race; Related variables – N=854 WIC/school lunch program Reliability – internal consistency; Life course exposure: NR Validity – construct Community Community level Race/ethnicity: AA, Living and working Grocery Store To assess location of grocery Hispanic, Asian, white conditions: Availability and Survey stores where individuals shop and Sex: M/F access to grocery stores (Inagami et al., its association with BMI were Sexual identity: NR Sociocultural: NR 2006)
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food venues; existing data/GIS Geographic: Urban Socioeconomic: Covariates – protocol SES, race; Related variables N=744 youth and food venues – insurance status Reliability – NR; Validity – NR Life course exposure: NR Grocery Store Community level Race/ethnicity: AA Living and working Accessibility To assess pricing and access of Sex: NR conditions: Food availability Measure food available to poor households; Sexual identity: NR and access (Kaufman, 1999) GIS protocol Disability: NR Sociocultural: NR N=NR, 36 counties bordering Geographic: Urban/rural Socioeconomic: Affordability/ Mississippi Delta pricing; Covariates – pricing/ Reliability – NR; Validity – NR cost variables; Related variables – income, WIC/ school lunch program Life course exposure: NR 376 Evaluating Obesity Prevention Efforts
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of Los Angeles County; existing Geographic: Urban Socioeconomic: NR data Life course exposure: NR 62 items; researcher-administered N=659 restaurants Reliability – NR; Validity – NR Density of Fast- Community level Race/ethnicity: AA, white Living and working Food Outlets To examine variation in Sex: M/F conditions: Availability and (Li et al., 2009) obesity among older adults Sexual identity: NR access to fast food relative to the joint influences Disability: NR Sociocultural: Covariates – of density of neighborhood Geographic: NR psychological variables (self fast food outlets and residents' efficacy, beliefs, preferences)
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N=NR; existing data, Census Geographic: Urban Socioeconomic: Covariates – tracks in Maryland, North SES, race; Related variables Carolina, New York – income Reliability – NR; Validity – NR Life course exposure: NR Geographic Community level Race/ethnicity: AA, white Living and working Assessment of To examine the distribution of Sex: M/F conditions: Availability and Neighborhood food stores and food service Sexual identity: NR access to food stores and Characteristics and places by neighborhood wealth Disability: NR services Location of Food and racial segregation; existing Geographic: Urban/rural Sociocultural: NR Stores data (Atherosclerosis Risk in Socioeconomic: Covariates – (Morland et al., Communities study) SES, race; Related variables – 2002)
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measures; Questionnaire Socioeconomic: Covariates – 36 items; researcher-administered SES, race; Related variables by phone – income, education N=5,988 from Maryland, North Life course exposure: NR Carolina, New York Reliability – test-retest internal consistency; Validity – convergent Child Feeding Individual level Race/ethnicity: NR Living and working Scale in Turkish To adopt the Child Feeding Scale Sex: Female conditions: NR Mothers to assess validity and reliability of Sexual identity: NR Sociocultural: NR (Polat and Erci, the Turkish version of the scale Disability: NR Socioeconomic: Related 2010) Items: NR; self-administered Geographic: Urban variables – income, education, N=158 mothers employment/unemployment Reliability – internal consistency; Life course exposure: NR Validity – construct continued Appendix E 379
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resources in residents' efforts to Geographic: Urban Sociocultural: NR live a healthy life Socioeconomic: Covariates – Questionnaire; SES, race; Related variables third-party-administered – income, poverty rates N=261 stores in Los Angeles Life course exposure: NR target area; 69 in contrast area Reliability – NR; Validity – NR Youth Impact Community level Race/ethnicity: AA Living and working Questionnaire To examine how factors related Sex: M/F conditions: Availability, access (YIQ) for 10 to 14 to the home food environment Sexual identity: NR Sociocultural: Covariates Year Olds and individual characteristics Disability: NR – psychological factors (Surkan et al., are associated with healthy food Geographic: NR (e.g., self-efficacy, beliefs, 2011)
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From page 381... ...
mediated association between Geographic: Urban Sociocultural: NR income and intake of fruit and Socioeconomic: Affordability, vegetables; Questionnaire food pricing; Related N=266 variables – income, education Reliability – NR; Validity – NR Life course exposure: NR Manhattan Community level Race/ethnicity: AA, white Living and working Block Distance To evaluate spatial accessibility of Sex: NR conditions: Food access and to the Nearest chain supermarkets in relation to Sexual identity: NR availability Supermarket neighborhood racial composition Disability: NR Sociocultural: NR (Zenk et al., and poverty; GIS protocol Geographic: Urban Socioeconomic: Related 2005b) Researcher-administered variables – income N=NR, 869 neighborhoods/census Life course exposure: NR tracts in metropolitan Detroit Reliability – NA; Validity – NR continued Appendix E 381
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racially heterogeneous, middle SEP; observational study N=304 food stores located in the four communities Reliability – inter-rater; Validity – NR NOTES: AA = African American, AI = American Indian; AN = Alaska Native; BMI = body mass index; F = female; FJV = fruit, juice, and vegetable; HI/PI = Hawaiian/Pacific Islander; GIS = geographic information systems; M = male; NR = not relevant; PA = physical activity; SES = socioeconomic status; WIC = Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children 382 Evaluating Obesity Prevention Efforts
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From page 383... ...
television, and parent purchasing for healthy eating, family food products that children saw meals advertised on television Socioeconomic: Purchasing Items – NR; questionnaire habits, Related variables – N=167 Mexican American employment/unemployment, children 6-18 yrs old and their education, marital status mothers Life course exposure: NR Reliability – internal consistency; Validity – NR Menu Checklist Community level Race/ethnicity: AA Living and working on Healthy Choice To develop and test the Menu Sex: NR conditions: Labeling, point Cues Checklist, an instrument to be Sexual identity: NR of purchase, and food (Cassady et al., used by community members to Disability: NR quality, full service/fast food 2004) assess cues for healthy choices in Geographic: Urban restaurants restaurants Sociocultural: NR 31 items; in-person administration Socioeconomic: NR N=14 restaurants from primarily Life course exposure: NR AA communities Reliability – inter-rater reliability; Validity – NR continued Appendix E 383
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From page 384... ...
advertisements and promotions, Geographic: Urban quality, point of purchase/ cleanliness, and service for each labeling restaurant Sociocultural: NR 62 items; in person, direct Socioeconomic: NR observation Life course exposure: NR N=659 restaurants in 348 areas with 311 comparison areas Reliability – NR; Validity – NR Marketing and Community level Race/ethnicity: AA Living and working Availability of To assess the availability, quality, Sex: NR conditions: Affordability/ Healthy Options in and preparation of food in Sexual identity: NR pricing, availability/access, Restaurants restaurants, and advertisements Disability: NR food quality, point of (Lewis et al., 2005) and promotions, cleanliness, and Geographic: Urban purchase/labeling, marketing/ service for each restaurant advertising Researcher-administered in person Sociocultural: NR N=659 restaurants in 348 areas Socioeconomic: NR with 311 comparison areas Life course exposure: NR Reliability – NR; Validity – NR 384 Evaluating Obesity Prevention Efforts
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Reliability – test-retest; Validity – criterion NOTES: AA = African American, AI = American Indian; AN = Alaska Native; F = female; GIS = geographic information systems; GPS = global positioning systems; M = male; NR = not relevant; PA = physical activity; SES = socioeconomic status; WIC = Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children Appendix E 385
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From page 386... ...
and being crime/safety, policy overweight; telephone survey Sociocultural: NR adapted from the Missouri Socioeconomic: Covariates – Cardiovascular Disease Survey SES, race; Related variables 92 items; interview – education, employment/ N=2,871 unemployment, marital status Reliability – NR; Validity – NR Life course exposure: NR Worksite Support Individual level, new measure Race/ethnicity: Hispanic, Living and working of PA and Healthy To measure staff perceptions of Asian, white conditions: Workplace Food Availability workplace environment, personal Sex: M/F environment Measures habits and health beliefs, and Sexual identity: NR Sociocultural: Covariates (Crawford et al., self-efficacy Disability: NR – psychological factors, 2004) Items – NR; questionnaire; Geographic: Urban including self-efficacy, beliefs, self-administered preferences N=51 Socioeconomic: NR Reliability – NR; Validity – NR Life course exposure: NR NOTES: AA = African American; F = female; M = male; NR = not relevant; PA = physical activity; SES = socioeconomic status.
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From page 387... ...
questionnaire N=412 children 2-11 yrs old Reliability – test-retest; Validity – NR School Food Individual level Race/ethnicity: AA, white Living and working Opportunities To assess dietary behaviors of Sex: M/F conditions: NR (Arcan et al., students attending alternative high Sexual identity: NR Sociocultural: NR 2011) schools Disability: NR Socioeconomic or class: 12 items; questionnaire; in-person Geographic: Urban Covariates – SES, race; delivery Related variables – WIC/ N=145 low-SES youth 12-18 yrs free reduced school lunch old program Reliability – NR; Validity – NR Life course exposure: NR Nutrition and PA Organizational level Race/ethnicity: NR Living and working Self-Assessment for To assess the nutrition and PA Sex: NR conditions: Food availability/ Child Care (NAP environments in child care settings Sexual identity: NR access, quality, policy/ SACC)
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From page 388... ...
young children Disability: NR Socioeconomic: NR Items – NR; Geographic: Urban Life course exposure: NR third-party-administered N=21 children ages 3-4 in nursery school in Japan and teachers Reliability – NR; Validity – criterion School Food Community level Race/ethnicity: Asian Living and working Environments for 6 To measure the influence of Sex: M/F conditions: Availability/access to 13 Year Olds fast-food stores and convenience Sexual identity: NR Sociocultural: NR (Chiang et al., food stores on growth and Disability: NR Socioeconomic: Covariates – 2011) body composition in a range of Geographic: NR SES, race; Related variables residential densities for Northeast – income, education Asian food culture; Questionnaire Life course exposure: NR N=2,283 children in 359 townships/districts of Taiwan Reliability – NR; Validity – NR 388 Evaluating Obesity Prevention Efforts
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From page 389... ...
Fruit, Juice, and Individual level Race/ethnicity: AA, Living and working Vegetable (FJV) To examine the relationships Hispanic, Asian, white conditions: Availability, access Availability among home fruit (F)
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From page 390... ...
, social students influence (e.g., parent Reliability – NR; Validity – NR modeling) Socioeconomic: Covariates – SES, race; Related variables – psychological, social variables, WIC/free/reduced school lunch program Life course exposure: NR Shape Up Individual level Race/ethnicity: AA, AI/ Living and working Somerville Study Three school-based questionnaires AN, Hispanic, Asian, conditions: NR Physical Activity to assess (a)
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From page 391... ...
Somerville Study for diet and physical activity Disability: NR Socioeconomic: Covariates – (Economos et al., 4 items; phone, in-person Geographic: Urban SES, race; Related variables 2008) administration – income N=86 school children Life course exposure: NR Reliability – test-retest; Validity – criterion Parental Support Individual level Race/ethnicity: AA, AI/ Living and working Questionnaire Three school-based questionnaires AN, Hispanic, Asian, conditions: NR for Shape Up to assess (a)
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From page 392... ...
– NR SES, race; Related variables – Reliability – Internal consistency; employment/unemployment, Validity – NR education Life course exposure: NR School Lunch Individual level Race/ethnicity: AA, white Living and working Availability and Survey of parents and children, Sex: NR conditions: Availability and Accessibility of food consumption records, and Sexual identity: NR access of foods at school Fruit and Vegetable examination of foods served at Disability: NR Sociocultural: NR Survey schools Geographic: Urban Socioeconomic: Covariates – (Hearn et al., Number of items and sample size SES, race 1998) – NR Life course exposure: NR Reliability – NR; Validity – NR 392 Evaluating Obesity Prevention Efforts
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From page 393... ...
Items – NR; researcher- Sexual identity: NR Sociocultural: NR (McKenzie et al., administered, direct observation Disability: NR Socioeconomic: Covariates – 2006) N=16,244 Geographic: Urban SES, race; Related variables Reliability – inter-rater; Validity – income – NR Life course exposure: NR Principal/Food Individual level Race/ethnicity: AA, AI/ Living and working Service Director To examine associations between AN, Hispanic, Asian, conditions: Environment, Survey of School high school student lunch patterns white policy Food Policies and vending machine purchases, Sex: NR Sociocultural: NR (Neumark-Sztainer and school food environment and Sexual identity: NR Socioeconomic: Related et al., 2005)
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From page 394... ...
394 Evaluating Obesity Prevention Efforts
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From page 395... ...
GEMS Measure: 10 items Self-Efficacy for Reliability – internal consistency Healthy Food Preparation (Story et al., 2003a) GEMS Measure: 28 items GEMS Activity Questionnaire (Story et al., 2003a)
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From page 396... ...
GEMS Measure: 4 items TV Viewing Reliability – internal consistency Questionnaire for 8-10 year olds (Story et al., 2003a) 396 Evaluating Obesity Prevention Efforts
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From page 397... ...
GEMS Measure: 9 items and 5 items, respectively Self-Efficacy for Reliability – internal consistency Physical Activity and Self-Efficacy for Physical Activity with Daughter (Story et al., 2003a) GEMS Measure: 9 items Self-Efficacy for Reliability – internal consistency Healthy Eating (Story et al., 2003a)
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From page 398... ...
machines, snack bars, concession Sexual identity: NR variables – income stands, and parties from the 2000 Disability: NR Length of exposure: NR and 2006 School Health Policies Geographic: NR and Programs Study; state policies collected through computer assisted telephone interviews or self-administered mailed questionnaires to school personnel and compared with Youth Risk Behavior Survey) GIS methods N=33 states Reliability – NR; Validity – NR 398 Evaluating Obesity Prevention Efforts
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From page 399... ...
TABLE E-5 Continued Social determinants: Population at risk: living and working Level, purpose, description, race/ethnicity; sex; sexual conditions; sociocultural; sample size, psychometric identity; disability; socioeconomic; life course Tool/Method properties geographic location exposure Healthy Food Community level Race/ethnicity: AA, Living and working Items Checklist To survey the range of food Hispanic, Asian, white conditions: Availability and for Elementary outlets around schools and Sex: M/F access to food quality grocery School Food examine how the availability of Sexual identity: NR stores/schools Environments healthy food in the food stores Disability: NR Sociocultural: NR (Tester et al., encountered varies by income Geographic: NR Socioeconomic: Covariates – 2011) status of the school and by SES, race; Related variables – store participation in WIC food low-income population only, assistance program; existing data; WIC, free/reduced school GIS protocol/detailed description; lunch program GIS methods Length of exposure: NR 28 items; environmental observation N=NR, 52 elementary schools and food outlets within network buffer zones Reliability – NR; Validity – NR NOTES: AA = African American, AI = American Indian; AN = Alaska Native; F = female; GIS = geographic information systems; HI/PI = Hawaiian/Pacific Islander; M = male; NR = not relevant; PA = physical activity; SES = socioeconomic status; WIC = Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children.
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