Developing Capacities for Teaching Responsible Science in the MENA Region Refashioning Scientific Dialogue (2013) / Chapter Skim
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1 Introduction
1 Introduction
Pages 9-22
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From page 9... ...
their work can ultimately have a great impact Concerns include unease about how increased on society. Construction of the atomic bomb understanding of basic life processes, and the and the development of recombinant DNA -- resulting potential to manipulate and control events that grew out of basic research on the them, may result in unintended impacts on the nucleus of the atom and investigations of environment or human well-being as well as the certain bacterial enzymes, respectively -- are risk of deliberate misuse of knowledge, tools, two examples of how seemingly arcane areas and techniques from the life sciences to cause of science can have tremendous societal harm (NRC, 2002, 2004, 2005; IOM, 2010)
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As discussed The Singapore Statement, produced by the below, these also provide the basis for training Second World Conference on Research Integrity and education about the expectations -- and in in 2010, includes the principle that "Researchers some cases, requirements -- for professional and and research institutions should recognize that responsible behavior. As science has become an they have an ethical obligation to weigh societal increasingly global enterprise, a growing number benefits against risks inherent in their work" (2nd of statements and declarations from international scientific organizations have 2 underscored the ethical imperatives for all those Key documents from the World Conference on Science involved in scientific research.
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other resources for research. It requires and IAP -- the Global Network of Science responsibility at all levels to carry out and Academies (formerly the InterAcademy Panel communicate scientific work with integrity, respect, fairness, trustworthiness, and on International Issues)
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Program (1990– of the initial discussions, such as those at a 2003) .7 Gordon Research Conference in 1973, As discussed in greater detail in Chapter 2, concerned potential hazards to laboratory life scientists address ethical and safety issues in workers or the consequences of an accidental their work through three overlapping fields that release of rDNA into the environment.
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From page 13... ...
funders their trainees with instruction in scientific complement a growing international effort to integrity.9 Over time, the mandate evolved into a raise awareness of responsible science and variably defined set of policies and professional promote RCR education, for example through the series of World Conferences on Research 9 The requirement was expanded to cover all training grant Integrity and the concomitant statements on recipients in 1992 and expanded further in 2009.
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The proposals "blueprint" or "roadmap" for those who sought and initiatives to extend the reach and improve to cause harm.12 the quality of education for life scientists about It is noteworthy, however, that the research responsible conduct of research, such as those that raised the most concern about potential described above, coincide with and provide a misuse in many cases also promised important context for a growing interest in education as a potential benefits. Then and now, judgments fundamental component of efforts to address about relative risks and rewards were seldom concerns about deliberate misuse.
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A number of practice. As Chapter 3 discusses, it is also clear studies have recommended that life scientists from the emerging research literature on human need to become more aware of and engaged in discussions about potential misuse of their work, 13 Efforts to foster attention to dual use issues extend beyond the life sciences and research ethics to include other fields of science, engineering, and health; NRC (2007a)
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Concerns arising in the mid- to late 1990s and early 2000s that the results of research in the life sciences might be misused to cause deliberate harm led to a different use of the term "dual use": research intended for beneficial purposes that could be misused for malevolent purposes (see, for example, NRC, 2004)
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For example, to many "biosecurity" refers to the obligations undertaken by states adhering to the Convention on Biodiversity and particularly the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, which is intended to protect biological diversity from the potential risks posed by living modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology.b "Biosecurity" has also been narrowly applied to efforts to increase the security of dangerous pathogens, either in the laboratory or in dedicated collections; guidelines from both the World Health Organization (WHO, 2004) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD, 2007)
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One major sessions to permit discussions in depth, brought line of work has been informing policymakers together more than sixty experts from just under about the implications of trends in the life thirty countries and several international sciences for the implementation of national and organizations. The participants included active international efforts to prevent misuse, both in researchers from a range of fields in the life terms of potential risks and the contributions sciences, specialists in bioethics and biosecurity, that science and technology can make to and, as one of the workshop's special features, reducing them (Royal Society, 2006; NRC, experts in the science of learning.
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The broad goal of the project models for building networks of faculty and was to "develop a framework for an instructors also bring graduates together after their training for special follow-up activities to international series of faculty development reinforce what was learned, while others rely institutes in key regions around the world with on the normal cycle of meetings that take place the goal of promoting and enhancing education in a discipline or professional field to provide about issues related to research in the life convening opportunities (NRC, 2011c:89)
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The project in fact builds on the regions. In addition to the lessons from the concepts related to responsible science and dual Warsaw workshop about the most effective ways use issues developed in the course of almost a to introduce issues of potential misuse, the decade of work by the National Academies and committee hoped combining the best pedagogy other organizations already discussed in this with responsible conduct of science would be an chapter, as well as on other concepts related to appealing capacity-building opportunity for active learning described in Chapter 3 that faculty in countries interested in using life reflects a comparably long National Academies sciences research for economic growth and engagement.
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These two chapters are intended to offer quick primers for readers with expertise in one STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT but not necessarily both of the subjects. Chapter 4 describes the planning meeting and the first This chapter has provided an introduction to Institute, held in Jordan in September 2012, how concerns about potential misuse of while Chapter 5 discusses the activities advances in the life sciences can be addressed in undertaken by participants after the Institute to the context of responsible conduct of science implement what they learned.
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From page 22... ...
The project will be conducted in three phases: Phase I: Planning. The committee will organize and hold a planning meeting, which will bring together life science educators from the Middle East–North Africa region with leaders in dual use issues and science education.
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