Confronting Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States (2013) / Chapter Skim
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8 The Education Sector
8 The Education Sector
Pages 297-322
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From page 297... ...
, to prevent adolescent dating violence (Foshee et al., 2004; Miller et al., 2012; Wolfe et al., 2009) , and to reduce 297
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From page 298... ...
This chapter provides an overview of the roles of schools and the education sector more generally in preventing, identifying, and responding to child maltreatment and interpersonal violence (e.g., adolescent dating violence and bullying) , problems that, as discussed in earlier chapters, share related and overlapping aspects with the problems of commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of minors.
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From page 299... ...
The following sections describe the roles of schools and the education sector in preventing and responding to child maltreatment and interpersonal violence. Lessons from research and practice in these areas can inform the education sector's role in preventing and responding to commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of minors.
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From page 300... ...
Interpersonal Violence Because school-based interpersonal violence and commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of minors share related and overlapping aspects (e.g., violence and victimization, social isolation) , examining how the education sector has sought to address interpersonal violence through prevention and intervention efforts can be informative.
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From page 301... ...
Examples include • increasing awareness about bullying among students, families, and school personnel (e.g., teachers, coaches, guidance counselors, others) ; • increasing understanding among students, families, and school personnel that bullying is a form of youth violence with serious consequences for victims, perpetrators, and the school community; • training school personnel to recognize settings (e.g., lunch, recess, after-school programs)
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From page 302... ...
. Adolescent dating violence, like other forms of intimate partner violence, is a preventable public health problem that, left unaddressed, can have considerable short- and long-term consequences for both victims and perpetrators.
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. Specifically, the authors found that 5 years after their victimization, females who had experienced adolescent dating violence reported heavy episodic drinking, depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, smoking, and victimization by adult interpersonal violence; 5 years after their victimization by adolescent dating violence, males reported increased antisocial behavior, suicidal ideation, marijuana use, and victimization by adult interpersonal violence (ExnerCortens et al., 2013)
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. On the other hand, there are numerous examples of efforts within the education sector -- at the individual school level, and in some instances, district-wide and/or statewide -- to prevent and address adolescent dating violence in schools.
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From page 305... ...
. School-based programs focused on promoting healthy relationships and preventing adolescent dating violence give educators and school personnel an opportunity to discuss and educate about commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of minors as another form of violence against adolescents that requires the attention and response of all members of the school community.
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From page 306... ...
The necessary training can be provided to teachers, school nurses, school-based health centers, guidance counselors, physical education teachers, attendance personnel, school safety officers, staff of after-school and enrichment activities, and other school personnel who regularly interact with students. Like all such programs, school-based interventions and prevention programs for commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of minors, such as those described in the next section, will need to be evaluated to assess their effectiveness.
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From page 307... ...
. Efforts of schools and the education sector to Address Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors Through its public workshops, site visits, and key informant interviews, the committee learned about several noteworthy efforts to address commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of minors by schools and the education sector.
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From page 308... ...
The Wellness Center, in collaboration with its community partner, Asian Health Services, has trained its school personnel to identify victims of commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking and to recognize minors who are at risk of exploitation (Nguyen, 2012)
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fer the student FIGURE 8-1 Grossmont Union High School District's protocol for responding to commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of minors. NOTE: CSEC = commercial sexual exploitation of children.
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. The program is designed to raise awareness of commercial sexual exploitation, to underscore the role of men in driving demand for the commercial sex trade, and to challenge misconceptions that perpetuate and normalize commercial sexual exploitation.
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. Another challenge to addressing commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of minors in the education sector is the nation's current approach to school-based sexual health education in public schools.
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As noted in Chapter 3, however, evidence suggests that risk and protective factors for commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of minors emerge well before high school age and that some youth become involved in these crimes before or during middle school. Thus, the education sector has an opportunity to address commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of minors earlier and with a life-course approach (i.e., using developmentally appropriate strategies, which change over time)
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From page 313... ...
However, individual schools and school districts may elect to provide additional training for school personnel. Information on commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of minors could be integrated into existing child maltreatment training for educators.
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. Broadening the understanding of child maltreatment to include commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of minors is an important first step in engaging school personnel, including school nurses, in dealing with these problems.
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Finally, because these students are still attending school, they may be more receptive to prevention and intervention efforts -- or at the very least be easier to reach -- than individuals who no longer attend school. Alternative education programs, then, can play an important role in preventing, identifying, and addressing commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of minors.
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From page 316... ...
There is a real opportunity to draw lessons from school-based interventions and the burgeoning research on alternative schools and programs to provide programs that can help decrease the prevalence of risk-taking behaviors associated with commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of minors and train school personnel to recognize and respond to these problems. Engaging Students as Partners As noted throughout this report, each sector that is or should be engaged in preventing, identifying, and responding to commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of minors has inherent resources and capabilities that can be leveraged to help address these problems.
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From page 317... ...
Department of Education administrators and school superintendents, need to acknowledge the role of the education sector in addressing commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of minors and provide leader ship and support for meaningful responses within schools.
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2009. Empowering young men to end sexual exploitation.
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2012. Commer cial sexual exploitation of children and the school nurse.
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2012. Workshop presentation to the Committee on the Commercial Sexual Exploi tation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States, on the Grossmont Union High School District Services and Programs, May 9, 2012, San Francisco, CA.
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From page 321... ...
2009. A school-based program to prevent adolescent dating violence: A cluster random ized trial.
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