Best Practices in State and Regional Innovation Initiatives Competing in the 21st Century (2013) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
1 Innovation in the States
1 Innovation in the States
Pages 7-26
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 7... ...
" To: "A focus on interventions that help build systems, create networks, develop institutions and align strategic priorities." 1 For a comparative review of the challenges and opportunities faced by the United States in the face of global competition for the next generation of innovation, see National Research Council, Rising to the Challenge: U.S. Innovation Policy for the Global Economy, C
|
From page 8... ...
, will conduct a study of selected state and regional programs in order to identify best practices with regard to their goals, structures, instruments, modes of operation, synergies across private and public programs, funding mechanisms and levels, and evaluation efforts. The committee will review selected state and regional efforts to capitalize on federal and state investments in areas of critical national needs.
|
From page 9... ...
The development of a nanotechnology cluster in New York's Albany region is a significant development: one based on a publicprivate initiative that has grown to attract large investments by semiconductor firms in the region, and related initiatives by federal, state, university, and nonprofit organizations that are generating further positive synergies. It is important to note that while the report does make a number of references to individual state programs, it does not address the operational details of state and regional programs to advance innovation.
|
From page 10... ...
10 BEST PRACTICES IN STATE AND REGIONAL INNOVATION INITIATIVES Box 1-3 Meetings and Reports in this Series The Future of Photovoltaics Manufacturing in the United States Conference held on April 23, 2009, in Washington, DC Report published by The National Academies Press, 2011 Growing Innovation Clusters for American Prosperity Conference held on June 3, 2009, in Washington, DC Report published by The National Academies Press, 2011 Clustering for 21st Century Prosperity Conference held on February 25, 2010, in Washington, DC Report published by The National Academies Press, 2012 Building the Arkansas Innovation Economy Conference held on March 8-9, 2010, in Little Rock, Arkansas Report published by The National Academies Press, 2012 Building the U.S. Battery Industry for Electric Drive Vehicles: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities Conference held on July 26-27, 2010, in Livonia, Michigan Report published by The National Academies Press, 2012 Building Hawaii's Innovation Economy Conference held on January 13-14, 2011, in Honolulu, Hawaii Report published by The National Academies Press, 2012 Building the Ohio Innovation Economy Conference held on April 25-26, 2012, in Cleveland, Ohio Report published by The National Academies Press, 2013 Building the Illinois Innovation Economy Conference held on June 28-29, 2012, in Evanston, Illinois Report published by The National Academies Press, 2013 Building the New York Innovation Economy Conference held on April 3-4, 2013, in Troy, New York Report published by The National Academies Press, forthcoming
|
From page 11... ...
U.S. state and federal government initiatives have provided substantial financial support for the development of electric vehicles, including state tax credits, federal funding of R&D and investment, and federal extension of $25 billion in debt capital to finance the development of more energy-efficient vehicles pursuant to the Advanced Vehicles Manufacturing Program (ATVM)
|
From page 12... ...
Measuring the impact of innovation-based development programs on direct and indirect job creation is necessarily an inexact and subjective exercise, but the record if some state and regional efforts over time is impressive. A 2009 study of Philadelphia's University City Science Center (an urban research park and high tech incubator)
|
From page 13... ...
Traditionally the federal government influenced regional development through regulatory and legal policies that defined the economic environment with respect to intellectual property, the rules of competition, taxation levels and international trade. The federal government spent heavily on research, primarily by universities, often in a fragmented and uncoordinated 13 See Chapter 6, "Rebuilding Ohio's Innovation Economy;" Ohio Third Frontier, 2012 Annual Report.
|
From page 14... ...
Examples would include "energyinnovation hubs," established under the auspices of the Department of Energy; financial support for cluster development by the Economic Development Administration and the Small Business Administration; and a newly launched National Network for Manufacturing Innovation (NNMI) , a multi-agency collaboration to establish regional hubs of manufacturing excellence engaging universities, companies, and government.21 Most -- albeit not all -- state and regional cluster initiatives seek to build on existing local industrial competencies and natural resources to establish industries of the future rather than creating those industries entirely from scratch.
|
From page 15... ...
She observes that cluster formation reflects the local qualities of the places where it occurs, the most important of which are local social processes that combine with a vision of a new way of doing something to create new products, processes and industries. She concludes that "an economic development strategy that will work has to be predicated on a deep understanding of the location."23 That said, it also emerged from the symposia that certain practices and techniques had proven successful in more than one or two innovation clusters and might readily be borrowed or adapted elsewhere under different local circumstances.24 In the present exercise, 23 Maryann Feldman, "Cluster Development: A Path to Growth," in Growing Innovation Clusters for American Prosperity: Summary of a Symposium, op.
|
From page 16... ...
FIGURE 1-1 Schematic of the non-linearity of innovation. Impact of Arizona State University on Metropolitan Phoenix," in Growing Innovation Clusters for American Prosperity: Summary of a Symposium, op.
|
From page 17... ...
This complexity of the innovation process also highlights the role that a variety of intermediating institutions play in fostering collaboration among the many participants -- including individual researchers, universities, banks, angel investors, venture capitalists, small and large companies, and local, state and national governments -- across the innovation ecosystem. What sets the United States apart from most other industrial nations is that there is no overarching national innovation strategy to support, much less coordinate, disparate initiatives to build commercially oriented industries.
|
From page 18... ...
See also remarks by Timothy Killeen, "The New York Innovation Economy and the Nanotechnology Cluster: The Role of SUNY" at the National Academies April 2013 symposium on New York's Nanotechnology Model: Building the Innovation Economy, held in Troy, NY. 30 Craig Boardman and Denis Gray, "The New Science and Engineering Management: Cooperative Research Centers as Government Policies, Industry Strategies, and Organizations," Journal of Technology Transfer, February 2010, p.
|
From page 19... ...
cit. 36 Presentation of David McNamara, South Carolina Research Authority, "Building the South Carolina Innovation Ecosystem," National Research Council, Growing Innovation Clusters for American Prosperity: Summary of a Symposium, op.
|
From page 20... ...
Susan Crawford, formerly of the National Economic Council, has pointed out that in fostering innovation, "it is so important to find that local leader who makes things go, the person who is tightly networked and who understands how community works."39 The successful innovation clusters examined in this report reflect, to a very substantial degree, the efforts of a few individual actors capable of bridging the gap between academic science and commercialization of new technologies.40 These innovation professionals are found in various intermediary organizations working to translate scientific knowledge into commercial products and processes. They have been active at different points in time during the past half century, have come from different backgrounds and have held diverse positions in their role as innovation enablers.
|
From page 21... ...
42 Chad Mirkin, professor of chemistry at Northwestern University and director of the International Institute for Nanotechnology, observes that in forming innovation hubs a region needs a "state-ofthe-art infrastructure, which is required to do the initial basic research and requires funding that is "seldom available locally." He indicates that "This is where the role of government is essential, applied in the form of federal and sometimes state grants to provide the physical innovation environment. … Such investments are beyond the reach or interest of the private sector, including the capital community, and depend on close partnerships with public agencies to lay the groundwork for innovation." See Chad Mirkin, "Welcome and Introduction," National Research Council, Building the Illinois Innovation Economy: Summary of a Symposium, C
|
From page 22... ...
They are sometimes able to bring substantial resources to bear on new initiatives or institutions.45 From an economic development perspective, many foundations concentrate their investments in limited geographic areas.46 North Carolina's Research Triangle Park arguably owes its existence to an extraordinary outpouring of giving by North Carolinians for the good of the state, administered through a foundation, in the 1950s.47 In Ohio both philanthropic and university-based research foundations have played a central role in the conversion of the state's industrial base from traditional manufacturing to a more innovation-based economy -- most importantly, during the past decade, local foundations pooled their resources and supported a small number of non-profit, professionally-staffed economic development organizations that have functioned as catalysts for knowledge-based industrial revitalization.48 Entrepreneurs need early-stage financing to bring new ideas to the marketplace. At most of the symposia convened for this study, local economic development officials and entrepreneurs have lamented the difficulty encountered by would-be innovative startups in attracting sufficient early stage 45 George W
|
From page 23... ...
cit., which highlighted the need for adequate demand to sustain the emerging advanced battery industry in Michigan.
|
From page 24... ...
In North Carolina, the Research Triangle Park was supported for decades by successive Democratic and Republican governors. In New York, the Albany nanotechnology initiative enjoyed bipartisan support.
|
From page 25... ...
INNOVATION IN THE STATES 25 Chapter 4 reviews the evolution of state strategies in economic development, from a short-term focus on industrial recruitment to longer-term investments in education and knowledge-based growth. In complement to the state role, Chapter 5 highlights the federal role fostering regional development, not only through funding for scientific research but also via support for innovation clusters, protection of intellectual property, trade policy, and procurement.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.