U.S. Policy for the 1990s Science and Technology for Sustainable Development: Report of a Symposium (1989) / Chapter Skim
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WORKING GROUP DISCUSSIONS
WORKING GROUP DISCUSSIONS
Pages 6-37
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Program, and the BOST1D Research Program. International scientific organizations such as the Third World Academy of Sciences and the United Nations University and global scientific programs such as the Global Change Program of the International Council of Scientific Unions and the program to map the human genome were also discussed as opportunities for collaboration.
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Therefore, some developing country governments do not consider higher education in the United States as a development tool. Other countries take a broader view.
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Three successful examples of international scientific cooperation were noted: the National Academy of Sciences' Brazil Chemistry Program, which was organized in the 1960s; the National Science Foundations's Science and Engineering for Economic Development (SEED) program; and the BOSTID Research Program, which brought U.S.
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Although it is headed by Nobel Prize winner Abdus Salam of Pakistan, ' it has had difficulty attracting the attention of Third World governments, or for that matter advanced country governments, with the exception of Italy. [Unfortunately the United States government does not have a mechanism for interacting with the Third World Academy.
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o Development assistance should be separated from economic and military assistance. Within the small development assistance budget available, the United States should emphasize science and technology programs.
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The group put particular emphasis on the importance of more private sector involvement in development, particularly given the likelihood of limited official development assistance in the near future. One appropriate program might be an international parallel to the Small Business Innovative Research program (SBIR)
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Also, some problems can best be solved with cutting-edge technologies. Since the international agricultural research institutes have been so effective, the United States should look into the possibility of establishing similar institutions, focused on other problems, such as health, population, energy efficiency, or the environment.
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Because different countries and regions have differing needs, capacities, and comparative advantages, greater flexibility is required in the design of development assistance. The success of more culturally sensitive programs, such as the National Center for Industrial Science and Technology Management Development in Dalian, China and the state-level technology development effort based in Bangalore, Karnataka, India, underscores the importance of transmitting change through existing socioeconomic structures, rather than attempting to transform or Westernize those structures.
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This implies that United States foreign assistance policy should perhaps be more sensitive to low-risk options afforded through collaboration with multinationals in an increasingly interdependent world.
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The need to reassess creatively international development in a rapidly changing world argues further for the creation of an ISTC-like institution. THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES Moderated by Robert Morgan, Professor of Technology and Human Affairs at Washington University, this group discussed the rationale for U.S.
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In addition, many of the LLDCs are in Africa where environmental degradation and erosion of the natural resource base has been severe. For this reason, food supplies are generally inadequate and the quality of life for many, but especially for the urban poor and rural populations, is declining.
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Participants felt that universities and national research institutes in the LLDCs should be strengthened in order to be able to provide trained personnel to advise local entrepreneurs in the establishment of small businesses that would make good use of local materials and craftsmen. Global Change Program The international global change program, organized by the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU)
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This review highlighted the importance of bringing in outside personnel to help build research institutes by training local students and by transferring the culture of science as well as scientific knowledge. In contrast, training in the United States was thought to be useful only in selected fields and then only at advanced levels that can help build professional networks among LLDC scientists and engineers; in addition, the need for enrichment and life-long learning was noted.
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In this regard, it was noted that no internationally supported center for training in S&T policy and analysis exists; consequently, a program to help build capacity for analysis and S&T policy formulation would help meet this important need. In those countries currently torn asunder by civil war, a program to train expatriates for future planning might be considered.
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Summary The key rationale for applying science and technology to development in the least developed countries links humanitarian interests to environmental concerns. Programs should focus on human resource building where the United States has particularly good experience.
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• Intellectual property rights, which are becoming increasingly troublesome because some developing countries have no patent or copyright laws. • Existing models for S&T collaborative programs, such as the Presidential initiatives with India and Brazil, the U.S.-China Joint Commission on Science and Technology, and the innovative AID S&T assistance program with Thailand, should be studied carefully for possible application to other countries.
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states abroad. It was pointed out that the International Development Office of the National Governors Association might be a useful resource.
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In conclusion, the group recommended that the success of current or future collaborative programs with ADCs be measured by the degree to which they become self-sustaining and are integrated into mainstream domestic research and development programs in each country. MECHANISMS AND INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES Moderated by Ralph Smuckler, Dean of International Studies and Programs at Michigan State University, the group considered delivery systems used by the United States government in S&T assistance and cooperation.
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The ISTC was never funded by Congress, however, and although some of its functions were addressed by several new programs in the Agency for International Development, major new mechanisms have not been established. Nonetheless, the working group strongly emphasized its belief that science and technology are critical elements in the effort to achieve economic progress and to improve the quality of life of people in developing countries.
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foreign aid programs. Many technologies are available for use, but what is often lacking is a mechanism that will help match local entrepreneurs with the technologies.
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Such organizations arc smaller than the government foreign aid agencies and have a sharper topical or geographic focus. They sometimes are established with government help, but operate privately.
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Government-supported but quasi-autonomous organizations to foster research on development-related problems and carry out cooperative programs in science and technology with developing countries have worked well in Canada, Sweden, Australia and elsewhere, fin Canada, for example, the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) is a large agency with both Canadian and overseas offices that covers the full range of projects in science and technology for development.
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.] Those countries also have government foreign aid agencies that deal with more traditional aid _ activities.
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Multilateral Mechanisms Although focusing its discussion primarily on U.S. programs, the group took cognizance of the fact that this country is a major supporter of multilateral development programs through organizations such as the World Bank and UN agencies.
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Brady Senior Assistant Administrator Bureau for Science and Technology Agency for International Development Issues in Technology Development Jordan Baruch President, Jordan Baruch Associates Discussants: Hyung Ki Kim, Henry Norman, Cyril Ponnamperuma Science Policy and Technology Assessment Francisco Sagasti Chief, Strategic Planning The World Bank A Strategic View of Science and Technology for Development Kenneth Prewitt Vice President The Rockefeller Foundation Discussants: Cathryn Goddard, Fitzhugh Green, Charles Weiss Working Groups Basic and Applied Research Chairman: Walter Rosenblith Technology Development Chairman: Dale Corson Assessment, Management, Policy Chairman: John Gibbons Least Developed Countries Chairman: Robert Morgan Advanced Developing Countries Chairman: Deborah Wince Mechanisms and Institutional Issues Chairman: Ralph Smuckler
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Brady Senior Assistant Administrator Bureau for Science and Technology Agency for International Development Room 4942 New State Washington, DC 20523 Janet Brown Senior Associate, U.S. State Project World Resources Institute Suite 400 1735 New York Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20006 Tom W
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M Heydemann Deputy Director Industrial Technical Service National Bureau of Standards Administration Building, Room A-1123 Gaithersburg, MD 20899 David Hopper Senior Vice President Policy, Planning, and Research The World Bank Room D-1202 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20036 Hyung Ki Kim Advisor for Institution Building The World Bank Room G-1039 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 Richard Krasnow Science and Technology Officer Institute of International Education 1400 K Street, NW Washington, DC 20005 Howard Minners Science Advisor Office of the Science Advisor Agency for International Development Room 720 1400 Wilson Boulevard Rosslyn, VA 22209 Robert P
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I du Pont de Nemours and Company 1007 Market Street Wilmington, DE 19898 Robert Shope Director, Arbovirus Research Unit Yale University School of Medicine Research Unit 60, College Street Box 3333 New Haven, CT 06510 Bruce Umminger Health Policy Advisor Oceanography and Environmental Science Affairs/International Health Policy - Room 4325 Department of State Washington, DC 20520 Barbara D
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Amy Wilson Director, Sub-Saharan Africa Program Office of International Science American Association for the Advancement of Science 1333 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20005 Deborah Wince Assistant Director Office of Science and Technology Policy Room 5002 New Executive Office Building Washington, DC 20506 Michael Witunski 344 Low Oak Woods Johns Island, SC 29455-5602 Burke Kisling Zimmerman 6413 Hillegass Avenue Oakland, CA 94618 BOSTID Staff Participants John Hurley, Director Patricia Tsuchitani, Assistant Director Michael Greene, Associate Director Rose Bannigan, Senior Program Officer David Mog, Senior Program Officer Jeffrey Gritzner, Senior Program Officer Brenda Contee, Administrative Secretary Hertha Hanu, Administrative Secretary
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