More and Better Food An Egyptian Demonstration Project (1986) / Chapter Skim
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STATUS OF FOOD, AGRICULTURE, AND NUTRITION IN EGYPT
STATUS OF FOOD, AGRICULTURE, AND NUTRITION IN EGYPT
Pages 1-32
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The simultaneous effects of population growth and a decline in production quality exacerbate the problem. The expansion of the Egyptian agricultural sector through modern technology offers the potential for reducing the rapidly widening gap between domestic production and utilization.
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(in millions) Age Male Female Total l-14 7.46 7.08 14.54 15-19 2.14 1.85 3.99 20-59 7.83 7.95 15.78 60 and above 1.12 1.17 2.29 18.55 18.05 36.60 SOURCE: 0.
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- 3 FIGURE 1 Partial map of Egypt showing governorates where MBF projects occurred.
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("Strategies for Accelerating Agricultural Development," a report of the Presidential Mission on Agricultural Development in Egypt. MOA, Egypt, and USAID, July 1982.)
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Population records of Egyptian rural and urban areas reveal that the rural population doubled during a 50-year period, while the urban population more than quadrupled. The rural population dropped from 73 percent in 1927 to 56 percent in 1976, and the urban population grew from 27 percent to 44 percent (Table 3)
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TABLE 4 Change in Birth and Death Rates per 1,000 Persons Year Birth Death Population Rate Rate Increase 1960 1970 43.1 35.1 16.9 15.1 26.2 19.4 1980 40.8 10.4 30.4 1981 38.0 10.2 26.8 1982 36.9 10.3 26.6 SOURCE: 0. Galal.
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GRAINS Wheat Barley Corn Sorghum Rice 4,535 1,300 86 1,503 489 1,157 42.2 12.0 0.8 14.0 4.6 10.8 4,774 1,372 98 1,905 410 989 42.9 12.3 0.9 17.1 3.7 8.9 4,682 1,475 41.1 '12.9 1,800 400 1,007 15.8 3.5 8.8 LEGUMES 436 4.1 349 3.1 373 3.3 OILSEED Peanuts Sesame Soybean 105 43 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.1 165 29 39 97 1.5 0.3 0.4 0.8 233 28 35 2.1 0.3 0.3 59 3 170 1.5 SUGARCANE 183 1.7 251 2.3 278 2.4 FIBER Cotton Flax 1,618 1,591 27 15.0 14.8 0.2 1,269 1,206 63 11.4 10.8 0.6 1,061 1,023 38 9.3 9.0 0.3 CLOVER 2,748 25.6 2,729 24.5 2,782 24.4 VEGETABLES 576 5.4 1,030 9.2 885 7.8 FRUITS 241 2.2 361 3.2 448 3.9 OTHERS 299 2.8 213 1.9 647 5.7 TOTAL 10,741 100.0 11,141 100.0 11,390 100.0 % Crop Intensity 179.4 186.1 190.2 (a) Area: feddans x 1,000.
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Changes in Crop Production Egypt's agricultural production does not keep pace with the nation's ever-growing demand for food, a demand intensified both by population increases and by increased per capita consumption rate (that results from the rise in per capita income -- Egyptians have more money to spend on food)
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71.9 28.1 + 19.5 +37.5 132 (a) Tons x 1,000 except for cotton fiber, which is in thousand metric tons.
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Using the 1970 overall production as a base value of 100, the 1981 production of plant products was 122 percent; animal products, 125 percent; and overall agricultural products, 123 percent. The data also reveals an average annual increase in production of about 2 percent for agricultural products during the 1970s, and shows that animal production exceeded plant production.
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The annual increase in cotton fibers per feddan amounted to 0.14 metric tons during the period 1970-1981. This accounted for Egypt's constant production level of cotton even though the cultivated area decreased.
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The LE 266 million value of anima1, poultry, and fish products was 25.4 percent of the 1969-1971 total cost of agricultural products. In 1979-1981, that product value increased greatly to LE 1,044 million, representing
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After the war, imported canned food flooded the Egyptian market, and 11 of the 12 factories were closed. Only the Kaha Factory survived, and today it is one of the biggest food canning factories in the country.
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The first five-year plan included 130 projects. Among the major food-related industries developed were: o The Edfina Company for Food Preservation o A canning and preservation factory in Tahrir Province o A sardine and shrimp factory in Damietta o The Al-Nasr Dairy Company, with factories in Tanta, Mansoura, and Ismailia o A sugar factory in Edfu o The Al-Nasr Drying Factory in Sohag.
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Table 12 shows the change in the value of industrial food products during the same period. The data reveals that the standard annual increase in the value of industrial food products, at the running cost, was about 10.8 percent.
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Food Gap Food consumption and food production data show a continuous and widening gap in both quantity and value. In 1960, the gap between food consumption and food production was 1 million tons; in 1970, it was 1.7 million tons, and by 1980, the gap had increased to 7.4 million tons.
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In millions of Egyptian pounds at the running cost. SOURCE: "Human and Material Resources in Agricultural Scientific Research," MOA, Cairo, Egypt, November 1983.
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During the 1970s, food production increased at an annual rate of 2.6 percent, more or less equal to the population growth rate. However, during the same period, the average increase in consumption rates reached about 5 percent, nearly double the production rate, thus necessitating increased imports.
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(Youssef Wally. "Strategies for Accelerating Agricultural Development," MOA, Egypt, July, 1982.)
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(Youssef Wally. "Strategies for Accelerating Agricultural Development," MOA, Egypt, July, 1982.)
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; at the same time, wheat self-sufficiency changed from 56 percent in 1972, to 25 percent in 1980, to 26 percent in 1981/1982 (198l-82 percentages throughout this section are derived from Egyptian Ministry of Agriculture report, "Human and Material Resources in Agricultural Scientific Research," November, 1983)
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The increased consumption of animal protein is due to the per capita income increase and urbanization and population growth. Local demand for red meat was 335,000 tons in 1972, 464,000 tons in 1980, and 526,000 tons in 1981/1982 (4.6 percent annual increase throughout the overall period)
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Figure 7 illustrates the percentage of increase in the per capita use of wheat, sugar, maize, poultry, dairy products, and fish during the years 1974-1980. Food Subsidy Government policies have contributed to increased consumption.
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O oc 13 11 MAIZE . -- 77 •• 1974 1980 1960 1974 1980 YEAR YEAR Utilization Production SUGAR 39 27 i I RICE 48 1960 FIGURE 5 1974 1980 1960 1974 1980 YEAR YEAR Per capita production and utilization of wheat, maize, sugar, and rice (kilograms annually)
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3 K 44 41 DAIRY PRODUCTS J FISH 1960 1974 1980 1960 1974 1980 YEAR YEAR FIGURE 6 Per capita production and utilization of meat and animal products (kilograms annually)
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(Youssef Wally. "Strategies for Accelerating Agricultural Development," MOA, Egypt, July, 1982.)
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SOURCE: "Human and Material Resources in Agricultural Scientific Research," MOA, Cairo, Egypt, November 1983.
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Consumption Patterns The daily food supplies available for human consumption in Egypt are given in Table 15. Animal sources, including meat, milk, eggs, and fish, supply 15 percent of the total protein.
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Nutritional Problems For the past 30 years, the Egyptian Ministry of Health (MOH) has helped fund nutritional surveys, most of which were conducted on scattered groups or communities.
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(1980) Cereals Starchy food 326 312 386 195 633 35 668 53 Sugars and sweets 88 30 63 74 Pulses/ legumes 16 49 26 21 Vegetables/fruits 364 184 386 473 Meat 151 30 26 34 Fish 190 11 8.8 12 Milk 570 79 138 163 Eggs 30 2.7 3.6 5 Oil 49 11 23 23 Total Calories 3,050 2,150 3,122 3,390 Total Protein 90 58 86.8 96 Animal Protein 40 9 10.7 15 SOURCE: 0.
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A 1978 national nutritional survey on preschool children 6- to 72-months old found the prevalence of anemia highest in rural areas. Among the low socioeconomic subsample groups surveyed in Cairo, Giza, and
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A 1965 survey of preschool children found that the prevalence of rickets varied from 11 to 14 percent. In a 1978 national nutrition survey, interviewers elicited the presence or absence of six readily observable clinical signs commonly associated with vitamin D deficiency, which, in genera1, affects the development especially of the long bones, but also may produce enlargement of the liver and spleen.
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