Evaluating the Effectiveness of Fish Stock Rebuilding Plans in the United States (2014) / Chapter Skim
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3 Review of Federally Implemented Rebuilding Plans
3 Review of Federally Implemented Rebuilding Plans
Pages 29-60
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From page 29... ...
Under the National Standard 1 Guidelines (NS1G, see The committee's review of outcomes of rebuilding plans Chapter 2) , a stock is overfished when its stock size (or stock proceeds from a broad summary of fish stock status nation biomass, B)
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From page 30... ...
By advice, including stock status determinations and stock proplotting a fishery by stage from unfished, through stages of jections used to develop rebuilding plans, is subject to several increased fishing, overfishing, overfished, reduced fishing, sources of uncertainty. These sources can be categorized as rebuilding, and ultimately to a position above BMSY, phase follows: plane plots illustrate the generic intent of the MSFCMA for overfished stocks (Figure 3.1b)
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From page 31... ...
These implicit and explicit choices reflect judgements about expected benefits and costs and the level of risk that IMPLEMENTATION OF REBUILDING can be tolerated. REQUIREMENTS The values for MSST, BMSY, TMIN, and TTARGET can change if there is new information on stock status and/or Development and Review of Rebuilding Plans productivity or if there are changes in the stock assessment As a result of the 2006 amendment to the MSFCMA, methodology and the assumptions on which assessments Fishery Management Plans including rebuilding plans are based.
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From page 32... ...
A rebuilding plans for overfished groundfish stocks is provided number of choices regarding how population projections are in Box 3.1 as an example. Rebuilding analyses typically undertaken need to be made.
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From page 33... ...
Results are shown for two choices for each of the steepness of the stock-recruitment relationship and the extent of productivity (quantified by natural mortality and age at maturity, resulting in mean generation times of 12.1 and 18.3 years)
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From page 34... ...
Stocks in this range that are not subject to a to the long-term target (say a little below FMSY) would still rebuilding plan and all stocks larger than BMSY are classified achieve rebuilding, but the rebuilding period may be consid- as "not overfished." The status of many stocks is "unknown." erably longer, depending on the initial depletion and popula- Reports to Congress during the early implementation of the tion parameters.
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From page 35... ...
of the FSSI stocks whose status was well as the stocks of silver hake and the species of skates from determined were not overfished and were not subject to the New England Fishery Management Council (NEFMC)
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From page 36... ...
Stocks that have at some time been declared overfished and are included in this study are indicated as green dots, while other stocks are indicated as black dots. are currently under rebuilding plans.5 In 1997, when the first rebuilding (MSST≤B |
From page 37... ...
TABLE 3.2 The 85 Stocks That Have Been Declared Overfished and Their Current Status Relative to FMSY, BMSY, and MSST (as of 2012 status report to Congress, quarter 3) Included in Current Year Year Time Last Year with Evaluation Analytical Overfished Overfishing Declared First Year of Declared Frame for Assessment Stock Jurisdiction Set Assessment Status Now Overfished the Plan Rebuilt Rebuilding Results Queen conch -- Caribbean CFMC No No Overfished Yes 2000 2005 15 Caribbean grouper Unit 1 CFMC No No Overfished Yes 2000 2005 25 Caribbean grouper Unit 2 CFMC No No Overfished No 2000 2005 30 Caribbean grouper Unit 4 CFMC No No Overfished Yes 2005 2005 10 Gray triggerfish -- Gulf of Mexico GMFMC No Yes Overfished Yes 2008 2008 6 2010 Greater amberjack -- Gulf of GMFMC Yes Yes Overfished Yes 2001 2003 10 2009 Mexico Red snapper -- Gulf of Mexico GMFMC Yes Yes Overfished No 2000 2001 32 2008 Albacore -- North Atlantic HMS Yes Yes Overfished Yes 1999 2007 Not specified 2007 Bigeye tuna -- Atlantic HMS Yes Yes Rebuilding No 2000 2008 Not specified 2009 Blacknose shark -- Atlantic HMS No Yes Overfished Yes 2008 2010 18 2009 Blue marlin -- Atlantic HMS Yes Yes Overfished Yes 1997 2001 Not specified 2009 Bluefin tuna -- Western Atlantic HMS Yes Yes Overfished Yes 1997 1999 19 2009 Dusky shark -- Atlantic HMS Yes Yes Overfished Yes 1999 2003 100 2009 Porbeagle -- Atlantic HMS No Yes Overfished No 2006 2008 100 2005 Sailfish -- Western Atlantic HMS No Yes Rebuilding Yes 1998 2008 Not specified 2007 Sandbar shark -- Atlantic HMS Yes Yes Overfished No 1999 2003 66 2009 White marlin -- Atlantic HMS No No Overfished Yes 1997 2001 Not specified 2004 Butterfish -- Gulf of Maine/Cape MAFMC No Yes Undefined No 2004 2010 4 2008 Hatteras Tilefish -- Mid-Atlantic Coast MAFMC Yes Yes Rebuilding No 1997 2001 10 2008 Acadian redfish -- Gulf of Maine/ NEFMC Yes Yes Rebuilt No 2001 2004 2012 47 2010 Georges Bank American plaice -- Gulf of Maine/ NEFMC Yes Yes Rebuilding No 2003 2004 10 2010 Georges Bank Atlantic cod -- Georges Bank NEFMC Yes Yes Overfished Yes 2002 2004 22 2010 Atlantic cod -- Gulf of Maine NEFMC Yes Yes Overfished Yes 2002 2004 10 2010 Atlantic halibut -- Northwestern NEFMC Yes Yes Overfished Yes 1997 2004 52 2010 Atlantic Coast Atlantic wolffish -- Gulf of Maine/ NEFMC No Yes Overfished Yes 2010 2010 Not specified 2010 Georges Bank Ocean pout -- Northwestern NEFMC Yes No Overfished Yes 1999 2004 10 2010 Atlantic Coast 37 continued
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From page 38... ...
TABLE 3.2 Continued 38 Included in Current Year Year Time Last Year with Evaluation Analytical Overfished Overfishing Declared First Year of Declared Frame for Assessment Stock Jurisdiction Set Assessment Status Now Overfished the Plan Rebuilt Rebuilding Results White hake -- Gulf of Maine/ NEFMC Yes Yes Overfished Yes 1999 2004 10 2007 Georges Bank Windowpane -- Gulf of Maine/ NEFMC No Yes Overfished Yes 2010 2010 7 2010 Georges Bank Windowpane -- Southern New NEFMC Yes Yes Rebuilt No 2002 2004 2012 10 2010 England/Mid-Atlantic Winter flounder -- Georges Bank NEFMC Yes Yes Rebuilding No 1999 & 2010 2010 2003 7 2010 Winter flounder -- Southern New NEFMC Yes Yes Overfished No 2003 2004 10 2010 England/ Mid-Atlantic Witch flounder - Northwestern NEFMC N0 Yes Overfished Yes 2010 2010 7 2010 Atlantic Coast Yellowtail flounder -- Cape Cod/ NEFMC Yes Yes Overfished Yes 2002 2004 19 2010 Gulf of Maine Yellowtail flounder -- Georges NEFMC Yes Yes Overfished No 2005 2006 10 2010 Bank Yellowtail flounder -- Southern NEFMC Yes Yes Rebuilt No 2000 2004 2012 10 2011 New England/Mid-Atlantic Barndoor skate -- Georges Bank/ NEFMC No No Rebuilding No 2000 2003 Not specified 2010 Southern New England Smooth skate -- Gulf of Maine NEFMC No No Rebuilding No 2000 & 2008 2010 2001 7 2010 Thorny skate -- Gulf of Maine NEFMC No No Overfished No 2000 2003 25 2010 Blue king crab -- Pribilof Islands NPFMC Yes No Overfished No 2003 2004 10 2010 Bocaccio -- Southern Pacific Coast PFMC Yes Yes Rebuilding No 1999 2000 22 2010 Canary rockfish -- Pacific Coast PFMC Yes Yes Overfished No 2000 2001 26 2010 Cowcod -- Southern California PFMC Yes Yes Overfished No 2000 2001 67 2008 Darkblotched rockfish -- Pacific PFMC Yes Yes Rebuilding No 2001 2002 23 2010 Coast Pacific ocean perch -- Pacific PFMC Yes Yes Overfished No 1999 2000 18 2010 Coast Petrale sole -- Pacific Coast PFMC No Yes Rebuilding No 2009 2012 4 2010 Yelloweye rockfish -- Pacific Coast PFMC Yes Yes Overfished No 2002 2003 71 2010 Black sea bass -- Southern Atlantic SAFMC Yes Yes Rebuilding Yes 1999 2000 10 2010 Coast Red porgy -- Southern Atlantic SAFMC Yes Yes Overfished No 2000 2000 16 2004 Coast
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From page 39... ...
Red snapper -- Southern Atlantic SAFMC Yes Yes Overfished Yes 2000 2001 35 2009 Coast Snowy grouper -- Southern SAFMC No Yes Overfished Yes 2000 2006 34 2002 Atlantic Coast Hancock Seamount Groundfish WPFMC No No Overfished Undefined 2000 1986 Not specified Complex Red grouper -- Gulf of Mexico GMFMC Yes Yes Rebuilt No 2000 2003 2007 10 2008 Blacktip shark -- Gulf of Mexico HMS No Yes Rebuilt No 1999 2006 30 2004 Blacktip shark -- South Atlantic HMS No No Undefined Undefined 1999 2003 30 2004 Swordfish -- North Atlantic HMS Yes Yes Rebuilt No 1997 1999 2009 10 2008 Bluefish -- Atlantic Coast MAFMC Yes Yes Rebuilt No 1999 2001 2008 9 2010 Black sea bass -- Mid-Atlantic MAFMC Yes Yes Rebuilt No 2000 2000 2009 10 2010 Coast Scup -- Atlantic Coast MAFMC Yes Yes Rebuilt No 2000 2008 2009 7 2010 Summer flounder -- Mid-Atlantic MAFMC Yes Yes Rebuilt No 1999 2000 2011 13 2010 Coast Sea scallop -- Northwestern NEFMC Yes Yes Rebuilt No 1997 1999 2001 10 2009 Atlantic Coast Haddock -- Georges Bank NEFMC Yes Yes Rebuilt No 2000 2004 2010 10 2010 Haddock -- Gulf of Maine NEFMC Yes Yes Approaching Yes 1999 2004 2011 10 2010 overfished Pollock -- Gulf of Maine/Georges NEFMC Yes Yes Rebuilt No 2002 2004 2010 10 2009 Bank Silver hake -- Gulf of Maine/ NEFMC No No Rebuilt No 1997 1999 2002 10 2009 Northern Georges Bank Silver hake -- Southern Georges NEFMC No No Rebuilt No 1997 1999 2007 10 2009 Bank/Mid-Atlantic Goosefish -- Gulf of Maine/ NEFMC/ Yes Yes Rebuilt No 1997 1999 2008 10 2009 Northern Georges Bank MAFMC Goosefish -- Southern Georges NEFMC/ Yes Yes Rebuilt No 1997 1999 2008 10 2009 Bank/Mid-Atlantic MAFMC Spiny dogfish -- Atlantic Coast NEFMC/ Yes Yes Rebuilt No 1998 2000 2010 5 2010 MAFMC Blue king crab -- Saint Matthews NPFMC Yes Yes Rebuilt No 1999 2000 2009 10 2010 Island Snow crab -- Bering Sea NPFMC Yes Yes Rebuilt No 1999 2000 2011 10 2010 Lingcod -- Pacific Coast PFMC Yes Yes Rebuilt No 1999 2000 2005 10 2008 Pacific hake -- Pacific Coast PFMC Yes Yes Rebuilt No 2002 2004 Not specified 2011 39 continued
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From page 40... ...
have been declared overfished for a second time, having rebuilt under an earlier rebuilding plan.
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From page 41... ...
. stocks (e.g., Pacific hake, Merluccius productus, and Coho Rebuilding plans were adopted for most stocks that were salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch)
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From page 42... ...
used to calculate 2012 Acceptable Biological Catches for groundfish stocks subject to rebuilding plans under the New England Fishery Management Council (NEFMC, grey bars) and the Pacific Fishery Management Council (PFMC,white bars)
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From page 43... ...
The status of most of these stocks was not deter- next section, some of these rebuilt designations correspond mined until 1999-2000 when the majority of the overfished to situations when stock status was reevaluated following an designations occurred; thus the number of stocks whose updated stock assessment rather than as the direct result of status was undefined declined markedly between 1998 and evidence of recovery following reduced fishing mortality.
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From page 44... ...
undefined (F>FMSY) Assessments Evaluation Set New England 26 25 12 9 1 4 0 7 20 17 New England/Mid-Atlantic 3 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 3 3 Mid-Atlantic 6 6 0 4 0 1 1 0 6 5 South Atlantic 5 5 4 0 0 1 0 3 5 4 South Atlantic/Gulf 2 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 2 Gulf of Mexico 6 6 4 2 0 0 0 3 6 4 Caribbean 4 4 4 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 Pacific 14 10 5 6 0 3 0 0 14 9 North Pacific 4 4 2 2 0 0 0 0 4 3 Western Pacific 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 High Migratory 14 13 9 2 0 2 1 8 12 7 Total 85 79 41 30 1 11 2 24 72 55
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From page 45... ...
Status at the Time the Stock Was Declared Overfished FIGURE 3.9 Frequency distribution of number of years between Changes in the number of stocks classified in the difbeing declared to be overfished and rebuilt for the 85 stocks declared ferent status categories reflect not only actual changes in overfished since 1997. The figure is truncated at 12 years because stock status, but also the fact that when stock assessments insufficient time has passed to fill in the rest of the distribution.
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From page 46... ...
since 1993 estimated by the most recent assessment for stocks in different jurisdictions. Dashed lines and solid lines correspond, respectively, to the periods before and after the year each stock was declared to be overfished (identified by a solid dot)
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From page 47... ...
REVIEW OF FEDERALLY IMPLEMENTED REBUILDING PLANS 47 FIGURE 3.10 Continued.
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From page 48... ...
Status at last year covered by the assessment F>FMSY 11 3 1 15 F≤FMSY 11 9 20 40 Total 22 12 21 55 Results are shown for the year before the stock was declared overfished, 3 years after the overfished designation, and the most recent year with information on stock status. Year prior to declared overfished 8 8 Frequency 6 6 4 4 2 2 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 F F MSY B B MSY Last year of data 6 12 5 4 Frequency 0 2 4 6 8 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 F F MSY B B MSY FIGURE 3.11 Distribution of stock status in terms of F/FMSY and B/BMSY in the year before the stock was declared to be overfished and in the last year included in the assessment, all based on the most current assessments.
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From page 49... ...
. Yet in other cases, reductions in F below MSST the year before they were declared overfished, were a byproduct of measures implemented to rebuild other 9 had fishing mortalities below FMSY (Table 3.4)
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From page 50... ...
. In addition, the extent rebuilding plans, difficulties implementing reduced target of overfishing was more severe for many of the Atlantic fishing mortalities, and biases in the stock assessments for stocks than for stocks in other regions: fishing mortality was some of the stocks.
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From page 51... ...
The white bar corresponds to stocks not subject to overfishing at the time of declaration according to current assessments. Winter flounder-SNE-MA Acadian redfish Witch flounder-NA American plaice 6 Yellowtail flounder-GOM Cod-GB Yellowtail flounder-GB Cod-GOM 5 Yellowtail flounder-SNE-MA Ocean pout Catch relative to TTAC Haddock-GB White hake Haddock-GOM Windowpane-GOM-GB 4 Pollock-GOM-GB Windowpane-SNE-MA Winter flounder-GB 3 2 1 0 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 FIGURE 3.15 Catches of New England groundfish relative to Target Total Allowable Catches (TTACs)
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From page 52... ...
Thus, the failure of the rebuilding plans for these Changes in Stock Size species (that were started in 2004) was not due to catches above the target amount.
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From page 53... ...
Time series are truncated in 1996 to focus on the most recent period.
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From page 54... ...
FIGURE 3.18 Change in relative biomass B/BMSY since overfished designation, versus B/BMSY when the stock was declared overfished (left panel) and as a function of average F/FMSY since overfished designation (right panel)
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From page 55... ...
. Similarly, The designation of a stock as overfished and the Gulf of Maine haddock had a very strong recruitment pulse subsequent required implementation of a rebuilding plan in 1999 and, according to the last assessment, had already have, in most cases, resulted in a change away from this rebuilt when it was declared overfished; the decrease in bio pattern of increasing F with decreasing B and have prompted mass followed the passing of this strong year class, coupled a reduction in F
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From page 56... ...
Results are shown for the subset of 55 stocks included in the evaluation, by region. other studies because stocks now estimated to have not been of rebuilding plans with a target F equal to 75% FMSY or overfished at the time of overfished designation were not less.
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From page 57... ...
The review of changes in limit fishing mortality to FMSY and require a reduction in fishstock status associated with assessment updates presented ing mortality as stock size decreases below BMSY, although in this chapter indicates that the determination of stock they differ in how much below BMSY the stock must be to status has a relatively high probability of being wrong, trigger a reduction and by how much fishing mortality is given the uncertainties inherent in specifying a threshold reduced. However, the frameworks in these three countries for action and in determining whether the stock has dropped either have no time limit on rebuilding depleted or overfished below that threshold.
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From page 58... ...
is of the "normal" harvest strategy, which specifies measures comparable to that in Canada, New Zealand, Australia, and as a function of estimates of stock size. As far as setting a the United States in many respects, but its fisheries are not rebuilding time frame, the Australian legislation recognizes performing as well in terms of stock status.
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From page 59... ...
The proportion of European stocks subject to overfishing is much larger than in the United States, Canada, Australia, or 3.3: The 10-year rule determined the target year for New Zealand, although it has dropped substantially over time rebuilding in 31 of the 70 stocks for which rebuilding plans (Table 3.5)
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From page 60... ...
Stocks that rebuilt or whose 3.5: Because of the uncertainty in stock assessments, the biomass increased appreciably were, in almost all cases, perceived status of fish stocks relative to overfished status in experiencing fishing mortalities below FMSY. any particular year can change substantially as more data become available and assessment methods are changed over 3.7: Some stocks continue to be subject to overfishing despite time.
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