Evaluating the Effectiveness of Fish Stock Rebuilding Plans in the United States (2014) / Chapter Skim
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6 Human Dimensions of Rebuilding
6 Human Dimensions of Rebuilding
Pages 97-118
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From page 97... ...
. Yet and economic outcomes from a rebuilding plan can diverge while the natural and human outcomes of fish stock rebuilding from expectations.
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From page 98... ...
. The committee's review of empirical and bio The chapter begins with an overview of the broader logical outcomes of mandated rebuilding plans in the United social and economic considerations in fish stock rebuilding, States (see Chapter 3)
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From page 99... ...
. The economic analysis quantifies net economic value realized under rebuilding alternatives for all groundfish stocks covered under Amendment 13, including Atlantic cod, haddock, and yellowtail flounder, from 2003 through 2026.
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From page 100... ...
The generality of this conclusion, however, depends illustrative moderate-lived fish stock and found that, depend- on many factors (e.g., price differences between species, ing on the assumed discount rate,4 expected net economic discount rates, nature of the technical interactions) , and it is benefits increased between 3.5% and 19.4% when rebuilding not clear ex ante that the costs will always be as significant time frames were extended from 10 to 20 or 30 years, and as those for the gemfish fishery (see, e.g., Armsworth et average Total Allowable Catches (TACs)
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From page 101... ...
could be used to develop qualitative or quantitative control A number of guidance documents are of particular rules, without the guidance of a full stock assessment. From importance in defining the scope and nature of the economic a socioeconomic perspective, most stocks are data poor and social impact analysis to be conducted when developing because baseline data and understanding of socioeconomic a rebuilding plan.
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From page 102... ...
under the MSFCMA also require analysis of "social impacts of the under consideration typically dictates the appropriate frameproposed action on various components of the fishery being managed, over the entire range of the regulated species, on participants in the fishery and in other fisheries, and on fishing communities." These and other statements 11 For example, a cost-effectiveness analysis could be used to determine in the NMFS guidance, however, provide little insight into the specific con- the minimum cost of achieving a reduction in fishing mortality over time, structs, data, and methods to be used when evaluating noneconomic social where the fishing mortality rate is mandated in a rebuilding plan. On the effects, although they are present in the separate Social Impact Assess ent m other hand, a benefit-cost analysis would be required to fully evaluate the (SIA)
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From page 103... ...
. As discussed in the next section, the NMFS guidance in days at sea is difficult to interpret in terms of the overall requires quantitative or qualitative presentation of many impact on the economics of the fishing operations (e.g., types of socioeconomic data, including various measures fewer days could be accompanied by higher prices of fish of economic benefits and costs, as well as other indicators and therefore could correspond to higher fishing revenues that do not reflect well-defined benefit or cost measures.
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From page 104... ...
Expected effects on employment Economic impact, No Yes (unless No activity, or gross significant production employment effects are expected in other sectors) Expected effects on profits, competitive position, Multiple, including Yes (profits can Yes No productivity or efficiency of individual fishermen, measures of benefits approximate producer user groups, or fishing communities and costs welfare)
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From page 105... ...
predominant focus on commercial and recreational fishing in First, using data on fishing operations and socioeconomic the assessments of the economic value of fish stocks found impacts from one regulatory regime to forecast the impacts in the Stock Assessment and Fishery Evaluation (SAFE) in another regime may lead to generalization errors (see, Reports.
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From page 106... ...
Many Because of the lack of data or appropriate models, AOAs of the stylized assumptions used in forecasting limit the often use proxies to measure economic effects.18 For example, ability of AOAs to meaningfully quantify future social and fishing profit is often approximated using accounting techeconomic impacts. The result is that rebuilding AOAs pri- niques, whereas the true measure of economic profit requires marily address short-term economic impacts.
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From page 107... ...
services. In such cases, the omission of nonmarket benefit or cost estimates from an AOA could result in an error in the calculation of economic net benefits and in a selection Comprehensive Measures of Economic Effects of regulatory alternatives based on partial and potentially The rebuilding AOAs reviewed by the Committee incomplete information.
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From page 108... ...
e Monte Carlo analysis represents an improvement over Although SIAs are required under NEPA, the MSFCMA sensitivity analysis. With this approach, an analyst can amendments have expanded their scope to consider cumulaevaluate the expected net present value, considering multiple tive social impacts and to clarify social factors, aided by clear sources of uncertainty at one time, and assign probabilities definitions of the fishing community20 and the charter, com(or frequencies)
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From page 109... ...
. cal analyses, and they should be integrated with economic and biological assessments.21 Furthermore, the SIA "must Analysis of Social Impacts in Practice forecast for a period of time (several years)
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From page 110... ...
In contrast, the SIA for cod and haddock than is the use of social assessments methods. The scope within the New England multi-species groundfish complex and nature of all socioeconomic data can be considered to be fishery acknowledged a finer scale of social impacts and deficient; fewer social data than economic data are collected included sociocultural forecasts (see following statements for fisheries management.
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From page 111... ...
, limited utility investing in additional social analysis to contribute to the of qualitative descriptive social data in FMPs (Sharp and overall social and economic impact assessment (e.g., Maine's Lach, 2003) , and, consequently, the likelihood that RFMCs regulatory impact survey in Northeast groundfish/cod and will "see social impact assessments as more useful if those Washington State's depressed communities analysis in assessments were provided in a format analogous to fisheries Pacific roundfish/canary rockfish)
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From page 112... ...
In fact, during the 2012/2013 Gulf of Maine cod quandary, the NEFMC and NMFS Northeast Regional Office increased opportunities for Public Participation and Consideration of Social Impacts public comment, including a series of community meetings As described on the Pacific Fishery Management "to discuss commercial and recreational fishery management Council website, "The Council process is a bottom-up alternatives…[and] to provide opportunity for commercial process, emphasizing public participation and involvement and recreational fishermen and others to provide input to help in fisheries management.
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From page 113... ...
, perceive fisheries science and stock assessment of potential social impacts in a variety of ways: informal methods as meeting a standard of plausibility and adequacy, conservations with stakeholders; stakeholder comments at whereas legitimacy refers to whether stakeholders perceive public meetings; and personal perceptions, knowledge, and the output of the stock assessment process as unbiased and experience. These informal sources comprised 60% of the meeting the standards of fairness (Wilson, 2009)
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From page 114... ...
In the United States, no fish stocks this allocation with additional controls on fishing locations, were classified as overfished that were under an individual fishing quota seasons, technology, and entry. In the West Coast ground- management system at the time of classification.
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From page 115... ...
For example, restrictions on allowable gear types, combined with non- RFMCs might pursue a number of options in conjunctransferrable licenses associated with fish stocks, can restrict tion with implementing a rebuilding plan to introduce more a fisherman's ability to switch between stocks. Specialization flexibility for fishermen and fishing communities.
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From page 116... ...
. The findother mitigation measures to address the social and economic ings from rigorous socioeconomic research have been used displacement of fishermen and fishing-dependent communi- to inform and guide impact assessments, not to inform and ties once a fish stock is declared overfished.
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From page 117... ...
analysis leads to uncertainty over the net economic and other social benefits of rebuilding that have been realized, 6.4: The mandate that rebuilding targets must be met with in contrast to those that are predicted. As discussed above, a certain minimum probability, along with the requirement economic and social analyses of rebuilding plans (e.g., as to utilize the most current stock assessments, may lead to part of Environmental Impact Statements, Regulatory Impact marked changes to rebuilding plans based on new data and/ Review, and Social Impact Assessment)
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From page 118... ...
6.8: When evaluating socioeconomic outcomes of rebuilding plans, the RFMCs primarily focus on the economic impacts 6.11: The nature of fisheries management can lead to situon commercial, recreational, and related fishing industries. ations that exacerbate the economic and social impacts of The analysis of different management options rarely quanti- meeting rebuilding targets by institutionalizing the specialfies impacts on nonmarket ecosystem services or nonfishery ization of the fishing industry (including fishing fleets, probenefits.
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