Understanding the Connections Between Coastal Waters and Ocean Ecosystem Services and Human Health Workshop Summary (2014) / Chapter Skim
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3 Stressors Impacting Coastal and Ocean Ecosystem Services and Human Health
3 Stressors Impacting Coastal and Ocean Ecosystem Services and Human Health
Pages 23-44
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From page 23... ...
The second presentation describes a framework to allow decision makers to optimize interventions for managing stressors to marine ecosystems in order to maximize the services that will positively impact human well-being. The third presentation provides an agency perspective (U.S.
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However, the greatest likelihood is for stressors to have negative effects on services and ultimately on health outcomes. He pointed out that the presentation would consider the effects of five interacting stressors: rising temperatures, nutrient enrichment, ocean acidification, habitat destruction and its accompanying loss of biodiversity, and extreme weather events and their potential impacts on human health.
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Sandiffer describbed two receent examples related to thhe fungal diseeases lacaziossis (previoously called lobomycosis)
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Nutrient Pollution Sandifer discussed nutrient pollution, another important stressor that causes many problems for coastal and marine environments, including hypoxia and harmful algal blooms (HABs) , also known as red tides.
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found that increases in dissolved carbon dioxide and reduced phosphate levels, as observed in ocean waters, can increase growth of the toxic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia and production of its toxin, domoic acid, which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning in humans. Sandifer noted that recent coastal surveys of the United States and Europe found that 78 percent of the assessed continental U.S.
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Beginning in 2005, production at some Pacific Northwest oyster hatcheries began declining at an alarming rate, posing a severe economic impact and challenging a way of life held by shellfish growers for more than 130 years (Washington State Blue Ribbon Panel on Ocean Acidification, 2012)
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From page 29... ...
. Sandifer highlighted that, in addition to negative effects on shellfish production, the health of coral reefs, and potentially food and economic security, the stress of dealing with ocean acidification means that coastal ecosystems may become less resilient to other stressors, including extreme weather, nutrient pollution, or overfishing, becoming less able to recover from these types of challenges.
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For example, infections, illnesses, and mental health issues may arise following weather events, and dealing with these may be complicated by an inability to get medications or medical care due to storm damage to medical or transportation infrastructure. Sandifer noted that the five environmental stressors he discussed are interrelated and all have effects on the provision of ecosystem services, which in turn can have a broad range of effects on human health (see Figure 3-2)
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In co oncluding his presentatio on, Sandiferr said that the compllex interacctions among g multiple strressors, ecosyystem services, and hum man health highlight th he need to more m fully uunderstand thhe connectioons among g these factorrs and their ultimate u humaan health imppact so that tthe impactts can be min nimized. He provided p an e xample of thee time scales at which climate and weather effeccts are considdered.
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in coastal and maarine environm ments. Sandiffer noted that capability and resources (includding those fo for disease annd health surveillance and epidem miological stuudies -- to moonitor, integraate data, model, and forecast imp pacts to coaastal and ocean ecosysteem servicees and the reesulting humaan health threeats)
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The process is based upon a framework that was developed to assist in optimizing management decisions that affect the production of coastal and marine and ocean ecosystem services. The framework explicitly includes linkage to human well-being.
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Nattional Coasta al Condition Assessment Thhe National Coastal C Asseessment begann in 2000 ass an integratted comprrehensive coaastal monitorring program to assess thhe condition of estuariies at multiplle scales (statte, regional, and national)
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EnviroAtlas and Eco-Health Browser Garber discussed another EPA tool, the EnviroAtlas,4 which is useful in the second step of the framework, translating conditions to quantifiable BOX 3-1 Indicators of Coastal Condition in NCCR IV Report Water Quality Index: • Water clarity • Dissolved oxygen (DO) • Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN)
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The tool provides easy-to-use geospatial data and maps that allow users to analyze multiple ecosystem services and health conditions in a specific region. These ecosystem benefits include clean air, clean and plentiful water, natural hazard mitigation, biodiversity conservation, food, fuel, materials, recreational opportunities, and cultural and aesthetic value.
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SOURC CE: EPA, 2013 3. the public lands and d examine thee geological sstructure, minneral resourcees, and prroducts of thhe national do omain.
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As tthe figure shows, theree is greater vaalue to the deecision makerr as biophysiccal data arre transformeed to informattion that can be used to m make predictioons and prresent potentiaal options witthin an ecosysstems servicees framework. FIGUR RE 3-6 How sccience informs resource manaagement decisiions.
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This requires taking core capabilities c n the biophyssical sciences,, building in what is know in wn about economic appraisals and services in thhe energy annd mineral areea, and brringing a sim milar perspectiive into a coonsideration oof the value of biologgic componen nts and hydro ologic compo nents, whichh typically haave not haad a commodity or pricee. Expandingg the core capabilities w will requiree more synth hesis and morre partnershipp efforts withh other agenciies such as the EPA and d NOAA.
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environmental health related to water quality, disease, mercury contamination, and ocean acidification; and (3) natural hazards such as earthquake, tsunami, and landslide hazard stressors.
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The agency's work around natural hazards such as earthquake and tsunami warnings and landslides is also important with respect to work and concerns related to sea-level rise. Taylor concluded her presentation by presenting six questions and ongoing challenges around the topic of stressors and ecosystem services for coastal and marine ecosystems: 1.
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2013. Shrinking of fishes exacerbates impacts of global ocean changes on marine ecosystems.
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Presentation at the Institute of Medicine Workshop on Understanding the Connections Between Coastal Waters and Ocean Ecosystem Services and Human Health: Basic Services, Valuation, and Resiliency. Washington, DC.
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perspective on stressors impacting coastal and ocean systems. Presentation at the Institute of Medicine Workshop on Understanding the Connections Between Coastal Waters and Ocean Ecosystem Services and Human Health: Basic Services, Valuation, and Resiliency.
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