Skip to main content

Currently Skimming:

8 New Approaches to Protect Ecosystem Services and Human Health
Pages 97-116

The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.


From page 97...
... The third presentation examines the link between human population growth, human consumption, and potential strategies to optimize ecosystem services. The presentations are followed by a summary of the discussion that took place.
From page 98...
... In addition, the National Ocean Policy emphasizes the importance of ongoing coordination at the federal, state, tribal, and local levels through a Governance Coordinating Committee and with stakeholders through the Ocean Research Advisory Panel. The National Ocean Policy is focused around nine priority objectives that provide a bridge between the National Ocean Policy and action on the ground and in the water.
From page 99...
... includes consideration of ocean and coastal ecosystem services. The IOPTF's Final Recommendations (2010)
From page 100...
... Executive Director, Tampa Bay Estuary Program Holly Greening began by noting that her presentation would be a site-specific application of some of the new information coming out about ecosystem services and how that is being incorporated into decision making in Tampa Bay, Florida. Looking at ecosystem services and habitat restoration, Greening noted that habitat restoration is mainly done for fish and birds, but recovery of coastal habitats is also important for providing human services such as carbon sequestration, nutrient reduction, air quality improvements, and aesthetics.
From page 101...
... This is a real turnaround that many places are not experiencing right now, she said. The amount of nitrogen removed by the restored habitat over the past 20 years in Tampa Bay is equivalent to about two medium-size advanced wastewater treatment plants in terms of the amount of nutrient reduction provided by the habitat restoration and in avoided costs.
From page 102...
... . Greening noted that all three of these ecosystem services pointed to recovering underwater seagrasses by improving water quality and water clarity.
From page 103...
... FIGUR RE 8-1 Estimaated changes in n seagrass coveer in Tampa Baay between 19950 and 20006. NOTE: Green areas show s seagrass extent e as mappped in 2006; reed areas represeent location ns where seagrrass occurred inn 1950 but wass not mapped iin 2006.
From page 104...
... They needed to have local governments, regulatory agencies, local phosphate companies, agricultural interests, electric utilities, and all sources of nitrogen coming to the table and agreeing to meet the long-term goals of maintaining nitrogen loads that will allow for seagrass restoration. In the mid-1990s the Tampa Bay Nitrogen Management Consortium (TBNMC)
From page 105...
... Onne interestingg project, statted Greening, is where local entitiess and cities haveh implemeented a residdential fertilizzer ban on n nitrogen ferttilizer during the rainy moonths in the suummertime annd also a point-of-sale p restriction r during that time, which have bbeen successfuul. Ass a result of all a these diffe ferent projectss, Greening nnoted that theere has beeen about a 50 5 percent reduction in thhe nitrogen looading betweeen the 19970s and the 1990s in Tam mpa Bay, as shown on F Figure 8-2.
From page 106...
... m In 1984 some s of the segments of the Bay beggan meetinng the targets, but this wass not consisteent in all fourr segments unntil 1991. Greening staated that fourr major intervventions conntributed to thhis improv vement: • advanced wastewater w treeatment begann in 1980, • w enacted in 1985, stormwaterr regulations were • the Tampa Bay Estuary Program wass established iin 1990, and • the Tampa Bay Nitrogen n Managemeent Consortium m was initiatted in 1995.
From page 107...
... Again, this value is comparable to the cost of two wastewater treatment plants in the Bay. Greening noted that ecosystem services may help with making difficult decisions about spending money on habitat restoration as untargeted improvements can be identified and valued (e.g., bacteriological improvements from nutrient reduction projects, and air quality improvements or carbon sequestration from mangrove restoration)
From page 108...
... OPTIMIZING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN THE FACE OF GLOBAL INCREASES IN HUMAN CONSUMPTION AND POPULATION GROWTH G David Tilman, Ph.D.
From page 109...
... The increasing demand for food can increase the load of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, and pesticides in coastal waters which are the home to major fisheries and sites for aquaculture. Turning to the agriculture sector, Tilman noted that producing the food needed to meet current needs releases about 32 percent of the total greenhouse gases released every year; the transportation sector contributes 14 percent.
From page 110...
... . Furtther, the impaact of theese practices would resultt in 185 perrcent more G GHG emissioon; global agricultural GHG emisssions in 20500 would alm most equal total global fossil fuel emmission now (Tilman ( et al.
From page 111...
... had water quality problems related to nitrogen loading in its coastal waters. They imposed laws requiring farmers to obtain permits to justify the
From page 112...
... Thhis increassed productiv vity and reducced human exxposure to thee pesticide. In summarizin ng the presen ntation, Tilmman reiteratedd that to meeet human n needs for foood crop prod duction there is an increassed use of lannd, nitrogeen and phosp phorus fertilizzers, and pessticides whichh affect coastal waterwways and ulltimately thee oceans thaat also contrribute to food producction.
From page 113...
... She asked Greening about how population growth is being approached in Tampa Bay because growing communities will likely put out more nitrogen despite the fact that there have been improvements at the wastewater treatment plants and with fertilizer regulations. Greening explained that the Florida Department of Environmental Protection accepted the science behind the EPA TMDL goals for nitrogen management and allowed the public–private consortium to define how the goals would best be allocated throughout Tampa Bay.
From page 114...
... Greening explained that there have been successes in the Chesapeake Bay, but because of the scale issue they have not had the same impact as seen in Tampa. Additionally, the ecosystem services that benefit health and well-being have not been adequately valued in the Chesapeake Bay.
From page 115...
... Presentation at the Institute of Medicine workshop on Understanding the Connections Between Coastal Waters and Ocean Ecosystem Services and Human Health: Basic Services, Valuation and Resiliency. Washington, DC.
From page 116...
... 2012. Optimizing ecosystem services in the face of global increases in human consumption and population growth.


This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More information on Chapter Skim is available.