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From page 365...
... Index A prefrontal cortex and, 237, 239, 299 processes related to, 285-286 Adams, Geoffrey K., 115-133 resting-state issue, 292-293 Aesthetic appreciation reward value and processing, 236-237, adaptive issues, 299 241, 264, 268, 272, 275, 278, 284, 294, amygdala and, 240, 268, 269, 276 296 architectural contour, 263-264, 267, 268, sensu lato, 286, 293, 295, 298, 301, 302 269-271, 272-277, 278, 280 sensu stricto, 286, 293, 294, 296, 298, 301, brain connectivity related to default 302 mode network, 284-285 subjectivity of, 302-303 cognitive processes, 155, 227-233, 241, two-fold model, 293 264, 276, 283, 285-287, 292, 293, 294, Alkire, Michael T., 37-56 296, 299, 300-301, 302 Allegiance bias, 170, 178, 188 default mode network and, 283, 284- Allen Timothy A., 95-114 285, 286, 292, 296-298, 299, 300-302 Altruism (see also Empathy; Pathological delayed network, 283, 286, 293, 295-296, altruism) 298, 302 conceptual framework, 170, 184-185 executive tasks and, 285, 300-301 and cooperative behavior, 173, 174-175 fMRI imaging studies, 263, 267-268, 269, defined, 170 272, 280-281, 286, 300, 302-303 egoism and, 185 habitat theory, 266, 278 enculturation, 177 initial network, 286, 293-294 parochial, 177 magnetoencephalography, 286-291 prospect theory and, 185 neural dynamics, 268-269, 272-274, 276- Altruism bias 277, 287-298 in academic disciplines and the pathologic alterations of cognition, scientific enterprise, 182-183, 187-188 301-302 allegiance bias, 170, 178, 188 perception, 155, 241, 264, 285-286, 300- broad-scale studies, 186-188 301, 302 mechanistic bases, 153 365
From page 366...
... yohimbine effects, 165 affiliative behavior in wild females, 1, Anterior cingulate cortex, 48, 49, 123, 240, 20-21, 23, 24-33, 34, 35-36 264, 268, 272, 273, 284-285 death of a close relative, 19, 28-30, 32, 33 Anterior cingulate gyrus, 119, 122, 125, 126 gaze, 30-31 Anterior cingulate sulcus, 119, 122, 125, 126 grooming behavior, 19, 24, 25, 28-30, 32, Anxiety, 8, 26 33, 34 Apes (see also Nonhuman primates; grunting, 26, 30-31 individual species) infanticide by males, 27-28, 29, 32, 35 brain size and development, 136, 148 longevity, 25, 129 consciousness, 52, 53, 54 male immigration challenges, 19, 27-28, empathy, 22, 34 29, 32, 33 future planning, 111 memory, 78 justice- and fairness-related behavior, personality style, 26-33 202, 203, 207, 210 playback experiments, 19, 30-33 memory, 81, 89, 90, 111 social bonds and reproductive success, ontogenetic neural development, 58 21, 24-27, 129 problem solving and insight, 90 social challenges, 27-33 social environment and cognition, study population, 35 148 Bajo, Ricardo, 283-303 Approach-avoidance decisions, 121, 130 Basal ganglia, 44, 63, 232, 239, 258, 268, 282 131, 155, 263, 264, 266, 267, 268-270, Bats, 101, 103 272, 274, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281 Bauernfeind, Amy L., 135-152 Architectural contour Baze, Wallace B., 135-152 aesthetic appreciation, 155, 263-264, 267, Behavior (see also Social behavior)
From page 367...
... size/volume, 55, 116 aesthetic appreciation, 155, 227-233, 241, triune brain, 42 264, 276, 283, 285-287, 292, 293, 294, Brainstem, 22, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 48, 49, 50, 296, 299, 300-301, 302 51, 54, 56, 160-161 and altruism bias, 188 Brent, Lauren J N., 115-133 assessment, 99 Brorson Fich, Lars, 263-282 consciousness and, 18, 39, 43, 48, 49, 52, Brosnan, Sarah F., 191-210 53-54 Buzsáki, György, 46 computational theories, 18 emotional arousal and, 163, 299 and fitness, 33 C intelligence, 63, 76, 83, 84, 85-86, 93, 179, 187, 213 Calcarine sulcus, 61, 274 interwindows analyses, 292 Callithrichids, 205 intuitive fast and rational slow Capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)
From page 368...
... observer relativity, 6-7, 11 access, 18, 21, 38, 39, 49, 64, 78, 84-85, ontogeny, 51-52, 55 87, 232, 294 ontological subjectivity, 1, 3, 6-7, 8, 13, analysis of, 7-9 38 anesthesia model, 2, 37, 38, 40, 41, 47-50, phenomenal, 38, 39, 47, 54, 56 51, 56, 91 Phi metric, 41, 48 anterior-to-posterior connectivity and, phylogeny of, 37, 38, 47, 48, 50-52, 54 54-55 qualitativeness, 3, 5-6, 7-8, 9, 12, 13, 17, arousal (brain activation) , 38, 39-40, 52 43-45, 47, 48, 49, 51, 56, 131, 299 readiness potential, 3, 4-5, 12-13 awareness and, 3, 7, 17, 21, 38, 39, 41, research techniques, 9-10 44-45, 47, 51, 72, 73, 96, 279, 301 responsiveness and, 39, 48, 116 behaviorism, 3, 4, 6, 11 self-awareness, 52-54, 56, 96, 111, 153 birds, 50, 53 sleep and, 7, 18, 39, 40, 41, 43, 48, 49, Cambridge Declaration, 37, 45, 46 51-52, 55 capacity for, 41-42, 45, 53, 54 sociobiology movement, 3, 14-16, 182 computationalism, 3, 4, 11, 18 unconscious mental state and, 7, 9, 18 contents of, 39, 40, 47 unity of conscious states, 3, 4, 7, 8, 17-18 Darwinian revolution and, 3, 4, 13-14 wakefulness and, 7, 10, 39, 40, 51, 243, definitions relevant to, 39 284, 299
From page 369...
... 104, 105, 107, 108 affiliative social bonds, 1, 20-21, 23, Corpus callosum, 8 24-33, 34, 35-36, 192 Corticocortical network, 41 allegiance bias, 170, 178, 188 Corticosterone, 157, 160, 161 baboons, 1, 20-21, 23, 24-33, 34, 35-36 Cortisol, 23, 128, 160, 161, 163, 164 brain activity, 22, 23 Corvidae, 53, 87, 88, 89, 98 and cooperation, 173 Cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) , 24, emotional distancing, 179 201, 236 episodic memory and, 111 gaze direction and, 20 mimicry and, 22, 23, 24, 25, 34 D oxytocin and, 24, 177 Darwin, Charles, xv, xvi, 38, 43-44, 45, 60, pathological/misplaced, 170, 172-173, 61 177-178, 188 del-Pozo, Francisco, 283-303 reflective, 19, 20, 21-23, 34 Dentate gyrus, 62, 67, 69-70, 101, 102, 104 reflexive, 1, 19, 20-24, 34, 118, 121 Descartes, René, 5, 46 reward value, 23, 24 Diencephalon, 43, 50, 54, 56 and reproductive success, 21 Dobzhansky, Theodosius, xiii, xiv understanding of others' psychological Dogs, 81, 207 states, 20 Dolphins, 24-25, 53 Entorhinal cortex, 62, 67, 68-69, 70, 101, 102, Dopamine and dopaminergic system, 22, 103, 104, 105, 106 154, 225, 233, 234-235, 238, 240, 241, Epinephrine, 157, 160, 161, 163, 164 258, 268-269 Epiphenomenalism, 3, 4, 11-12, 16
From page 370...
... , 99-100, Galago, 55 107-108, 112 García-Prieto, Juan, 283-303 what-where, 99, 107, 112 Gaze (see also Target location) what-where-when, 98-99, 112 aversion, 118, 121 working memory and, 76-77, 78, 81, 86, brain areas activated, 21, 122 87, 91 direction and duration, 31, 118, 121 Epistemic objectivity, 1, 3, 6-7, 11 and empathy, 20, 21-22 following, 118, 123-124, 128 neural circuits, 118, 123-124 F perception and response, 20, 21-22, 118, Face identification/recognition, 22, 77, 86, 123-124 117, 123, 130-131, 213 social status and, 121 Fairness-related behaviors (see Inequity; threat response, 118 Justice- and fairness-related Globus pallidus, 272, 273 behaviors )
From page 371...
... 71, 87, 110, 165 axis, 110, 128-129 and emotional arousal, 164, 165, 240 Hypothalamus, 48, 51, 240 and episodic memory, 100, 101-103, 104, 106-109, 110, 112-113 homologies across species, 101-103 I neural circuitry, 101 place cells, 92, 101 Imagination, 17, 22, 77, 79, 81, 86-88, 89, 90, and prospection capacity, 87 91, 92, 110-111, 232-233, 241, 300 sensory processing, 69, 70 Imitation/mimicry, 22, 23, 24, 25, 34, 116 and spatial memory, 70, 101, 103, 112- Incest taboo, 3, 14-16 113, 162 Inequity species comparisons, 59-73, 92, 101-109, and contrast effects, 208-209 112-113 and cooperation, 193-194, 205-206, 208 and visual discrimination, 164 evolutionary function of, 193 and working memory, 87, 92 in experimenter interactions, 206-207 Hippocampus minor, 57, 59, 60-62 interaction with other behaviors, Hof, Patrick R., 135-152 208-209 Hoffman, Moshe, 211-224 procedural, 209-210 Homo erectus, 116 and punishment, 208 Homo habilis, 116 recognition of, 209 Hopkins, William D., 135-152 research needs, 209-210 Horses, 24-25, 82 in social interactions, 207-208 Humans (Homo sapiens) Inferior parietal lobule, 21, 284-285 comparative neuroanatomy, 60-62, 68, Insular cortex, 123, 132 135-152 Intelligence, 63, 76, 83, 84, 85-86, 93, 179, cooperative interactions, 33-34 187, 213 cortical development vs chimpanzee Intentional behavior, 21 development, 58, 135-152 Intentional causation, 3, 9 nondeclarative learning, 70, 71, 72-73 Intentionality of actions, 3, 8-9 empathy, 21, 22, 23, 33-34 Interoceptive systems, 44, 125, 268, 296 gaze following, 21, 22 Ioannidis, John, 187
From page 372...
... trial-and-error, 72-73 and cooperation, 193-194, 205-206 working memory and, 75, 83, 85, 90 evolution of, 192, 193, 210 Leder, Helmut, 263-282 and fitness, 192 Limbic system, 44, 125, 240 game theory applied to, 194-208 Lingual gyrus, 274 Impunity Game, 197-204 Lipovich, Leonard, 135-152 in nonhuman primates, 191-210 Llinás, Rudolfo, 46 prosocial games, 204-205 Locus coeruleus, 48, 160-161 reputation and, 192, 203-204, 210 Long-tailed macaques, 205 species-specific approaches in Lyell, Charles, 61-62 cooperation context, 195, 205-206 Ultimatum Game, 195-197 M K Maestú, Fernando, 283-303 Magpies, 53, 98 Klein, Jeffrey T., 115-133 Marmoset, 201, 230, 236 Krauzlis, Richard J., 243-261 Mashour, George A., 37-56 Kuhn, Thomas, 172 Materialism, 3, 5-6, 12, 13 Kuzawa, Christopher W., 135-152 McArthur, Mark J., 135-152 McGaugh, James L., 157-168 Meadow voles, 98, 111 L Medial entorhinal cortex, 70, 103, 104, 105, Lamprey, 44 106 Language, 7, 18, 49, 58, 111, 123, 135, 136, Medial temporal lobes, 40, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 192, 213 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 161 Larsen, Michael D., 135-152 Medial temporal polar cortex, 62 Lateral intraparietal (LIP) area, 118, 122, Memory (see also Episodic memory; 124, 257, 258 Working memory)
From page 373...
... Nonhuman primates (see also Baboons; Moral Chimpanzees; Rhesus macaques; disgust, 123, 185 other individual species) heuristics, 178, 186 comparative neuroanatomy, 60-62, 101, intuition, 185, 294 105 judgment, 185, 285, 298 empathy, 23, 24 reasoning, 185, 298 evolutionary perspective on social righteousness, 185 behavior, 116-120
From page 374...
... 374  / Index grooming, 19, 24, 25, 28-30, 32, 33, 34, Parietal cortex, 41, 48, 55, 70, 92, 148, 228, 116, 123, 127, 129, 131, 132, 146 229, 284-285, 288, 289, 291, 292, 295, hippocampus form and function, 59-73, 296, 297 101 Pathological altruism memory, 59-73, 80, 81-82, 98, 100, 101, codependency and, 171, 177, 179, 186 105, 107 confirmation bias, 178-179, 180 neuroethology of social behavior, defined, 170-171 115-133 empathy and, 178 self-awareness, 52-53 evolutionary considerations, 172-176 social bonds, 1 federal budgetary policies, 181-182, 183 justice- and fairness-related behaviors, foreign aid, 181 154, 191-210 home ownership programs, 180-181 tool use, 88-89, 111, 137, 146-147, 148 implications, 171-172, 176-180 Norepinephrine, 157, 161, 162, 165 motivation and, 172 Nowak Martin A., 211-224 narcissism and, 171, 181, 184, 186 Nucleus accumbens, 124, 154, 225, 238, personal-scale studies, 173, 185-186 268-269 policy aspects, 173, 180-183 teen pregnancy prevention, 180 unscientific approaches to helping, O 182-183 Pearson, John M., 115-133 Oakley, Barbara A., 169-189 Perception Observer relativity, 6-7, 11 aesthetic, 155, 241, 264, 285-286, 300-301, Ontogeny 302 cognitive abilities, 148 and altruism bias, 186 consciousness, 48, 51-52, 55 brain regions, 105, 122, 124 neural, 51, 58, 137, 138, 146, 149 and consciousness, 8, 9, 10, 17, 18, 44, sensory development in utero, 51 54-55 social, 201 of gaze, 118, 122, 124 theory of REM sleep, 51-52 of inequity/inequality, 154 Ontological subjectivity, 1, 3, 6-7, 8, 13 memory and, 63, 91 n.2 Orangutans, 52, 148, 200, 202, 203 mind-wandering, 300 Orbitofrontal cortex, 118, 122, 124-126, 155, musical, 154, 225-241 268, 275, 278, 288, 293, 294, 296, 302 neural substrates, 105, 122, 124, 230, Owen, Richard, 57, 60-61, 62 231, 232, 238, 241, 264, 284 Owl monkey, 201 nonconscious feedback mechanisms, 18 Oxytocin, 22, 24, 34, 117, 119, 126, 127-128, phenomenological experience of, 232 177 and pleasure/reward, 225-241, 268 visual, 16, 91 n.2, 155, 264, 300-301 Perforant pathway, 68, 70 P Perirhinal cortex, 62-63, 67, 68-69, 70, 102, Parahippocampal cortex 103, 104, 106 and aesthetic appreciation, 272, 273, 276 Personality, 26-27, 28-29, 33, 63, 129, 130, damage effects, 70 172, 177, 184, 186 and declarative memory, 67, 68-69 Pigs, 98, 101 and episodic memory, 100, 102, 103-105, Platt, Michael L., 115-133 106-109, 112 Positron emission tomography, 47, 49, 51, spatial memory, 70 165, 234, 235, 284 species homologies, 58, 69, 81, 102, 104, Posterior parietal cortex, 55 105, 112 Posterior superior sulcus, 118, 122, 123-124 Paramecium, 46, 47 Postrhinal cortex, 67, 68, 69, 102, 103, 104, 106
From page 375...
... R brain structures and functions, 20, 55, Ramasco, José J., 283-303 58, 122, 124, 257-258 Ramón y Cajal, Santiago, 187 empathy in, 20, 21, 23, 24, 33 Rand, David G., 211-224 gaze direction/perception, 20, 21, 121, Rats 122, 124, 130-131 brain size and anatomy, 55, 67, 68, 69, genetic regulation of social behavior, 102 129, 130-131, 132 consolidation of memory, 159, 160, 161 justice/fairness-related behavior, 201, declarative memory/amnesia model, 202, 203, 207-208 63-64, 66, 67, 69, 73, 92, 102, 159 memory, 81-82 empathy in, 24 mimicry, 21 mirror self-recognition, 53
From page 376...
... Sackler Colloquium 126, 129 Sackler, Jillian, vii, viii distress response, 23-24 Salimpoor, Valorie N., 225-241 dominance status and, 25-26, 30, 116, Schaffer collateral/commissural pathway, 121, 126, 130-131, 199, 205 70, 101 episodic memory and, 111 Schapiro, Steven J., 135-152 empathy and, 1, 20-21, 23, 24-33, 34, Scoville, William Beecher, 62, 63 35-36 Scrub jays, 98, 110, 111 evolutionary perspective, 116-117 Sea squirt, 46-47 face identification/recognition and, 22, Searle, John, 3-18 77, 86, 117, 121, 123, 130-131, 213 Seizures, 41, 62, 63 foraging and, 116, 117, 118, 119-121, Sejnowski, Terrence J., 243-261 132-133 Self-awareness, xvi, 52-54, 56, 96, 111, 153 gaze direction/perception, 20, 21-22, Self-reflection, xvi, 46 118, 121, 122-124, 128, 243, 244, 245Sensory cortices and pathways 246, 248, 259-260 aesthetic appreciation, 275, 294 generosity, 119, 127 consciousness and, 17, 41, 44, 45, 46-47 genetic regulation, 129-132 dendritic arborization, 137 grooming, 19, 24, 25, 28-30, 32, 33, 34, gaze following, 123-124 116, 123, 127, 129, 131, 132, 146, 233 information processing and, 41, 44, 106, group size effects, 116, 174-175 123 homologous neural mechanisms, motor inputs and outputs, 45, 46-47, 116-117 126, 137, 138 image category, 118 neural pathways, 69-70, 103, 106, 108- imitation/mimicry and, 22, 23, 24, 25, 109, 123, 138 34, 116 ontogeny in humans, 51-52 information seeking/processing, 119 REM sleep and, 51-52 121, 124, 130, 132-133
From page 377...
... Sociobiology movement, 3, 14-16, 182 avian, 50 Somatosensory cortex, 136, 138, 140, 143, Darwinian revolution and, 3, 4, 13-14 149, 228 episodic memory and, 111 Soul, 5, 6 evolution of, 19-35 Spatial (see also Target location) false theories, 3, 4-6, 10-13 attention, 124 reflexive empathy and, 1, 19, 20-24, 34 foraging task, 257 selective factors, 20-21 learning/learned associations, 101, 162, 244, 245, 252 memory, 70, 78, 84-86, 97, 99, 100, 101, 103, 107, 109, 112-113, 162 U navigation, 264 Unconsciousness, 7 orienting, 118 neurobiological processes, 9 selection, 212 nonconscious neurobiological processes Squire, Larry R., 59-73 distinguished from, 18 Squirrel monkey, 201, 202, 209 vegetative states, 39 Stimpson, Cheryl D., 135-152 Striatum, 107, 118, 122, 124, 234, 235, 239, 240-241 V Subicular complex/subiculum, 62, 69, 70, 102, 104 Vartanian, Oshin, 263-282 Superior frontal gyrus, 272, 273, 276 Vasopressin, 119, 127 Superior temporal sulcus (STS)
From page 378...
... 378  / Index Visual frequency of use, 80, 90-92 aesthetic experiences, 155, 241, 264, 274, in humans, 76-79, 81, 83 276, 278, 282, 284, 285-286, 294, 300, imagination and, 79, 86-88, 89 302 and inner speech, xvi, 77, 80, 92-93 cortex, 136, 138, 140, 141, 143, 278, 294 and intelligence, 76, 83, 84, 85-86, 93 discrimination tasks, 63, 164 item limit, 76, 79, 81-83 imagination, 77 and learning, 57 memory, 65, 66-67, 70, 229, 245-246 and long-term declarative memory, 76, navigation, 277 78, 87 paired-comparison task, 66-67 long-term WM, 78-79, 80, 84, 85 perception, 264, 278 manipulative component, 79, 80, 89-90 processing, 9, 16, 44, 47, 70, 286-287 match-to-sample or non–match-to search, 244, 245, 247, 248-255, 256, 257 sample tasks, 80, 81 rotation paradigm, 89-90 mental rehearsal of activities, 63, 76, 77, synaptogenesis and neuron dendritic 79-80, 82, 86-87, 88-89, 90, 92, 93 morphology, 136, 138, 140, 141, 143 mind wandering, 91-92 and motor processes, 77, 90 musical information in, 225, 229, 239, W 240 n-back tasks, 83 Wakefulness, 7, 10, 39, 40, 51, 243, 284, 299 neural organization, 76-77, 80-81, 105, Washburn, Sherwood, 14 229 Watson, John B., 6 object-displacement tests, 81 Watson, Karli K., 115-133 prospection capacity, 57, 75, 86, 87, 91, Wildman, Derek E., 135-152 93 Wilson, E O., 14-16 radial-arm maze tests, 78, 80, 84-85, 87 Working memory resistance to interference, 78, 79, 84-86 and aesthetic appreciation, 285 and sensory short-term representations, in animals compared to humans, 78, 77, 79, 80, 81 79-93 serial recall tests, 81-82 attention dependence, 76-78, 79, 81, 86, span tasks, 83 87, 88, 91, 93 behavioral and conceptual resources, 92-93 Y capacity to refresh and sustain, 79, 80-81, 85, 86 Yawning, contagious, 22-23 comparative psychology, 79-93 Yellow-bellied marmots, 128 components, 76-77 Yoeli, Erez, 211-224 and consciousness, 76 as default network, 80, 91-92 and episodic memory, 76-77, 81, 86, 87, Z 91, 96, 105 Zatorre, Robert J., 225-241 evolution of, 75-94


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