Sustainable Diets Food for Healthy People and a Healthy Planet: Workshop Summary (2014) / Chapter Skim
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2 Defining Relationships: Synergies and Trade-Offs Between Health and Environmental Impacts
2 Defining Relationships: Synergies and Trade-Offs Between Health and Environmental Impacts
Pages 11-34
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From page 11... ...
Disappearing food biodiversity is more than an environmental loss; it is also a loss of micronutrient resources. Burlingame was also the first of several speakers who emphasized the environmental implications of food waste, along food chains and in food systems, including "metabolic" food waste associated with consumption in excess of requirements manifested as with overweight and/or obesity.
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From page 12... ...
Also included in this chapter is a summary of the discussion sparked by these presentations. Most of the discussion focused on the livestock GHG emissions data that Mitloehner presented, with a couple of additional questions about the fisheries data presented by Jones about FAO strategies for addressing natural resource issues related to food.
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From page 13... ...
• Care should be taken when choosing which data to use when mea suring GHG emissions as environmental impacts of the food system. (Mitloehner)
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From page 14... ...
Survey participants were also asked which of several features were necessary for a sustainable diet. The same respondents identified as necessary increasing the use of food biodiversity for addressing the problems of nutrition and better diets, enhancing the resilience of food systems, using agricultural practices that respect the environment, consuming less
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. Food Biodiversity3 The global food supply relies on very few crops to provide nutrients and dietary energy; food biodiversity in many common species of food 3 Burlingame identified three levels of biodiversity: (1)
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REP. Women and BMI CHAD COMOROS This chart uses the body mass CÔTE D'IVOIRE index [see technical note on BMI EGYPT on page 10 in source]
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Latin BRAZIL Latin America America BOLIVIA COLOMBIA DOMINICAN REPUBLIC GUATEMALA HAITI JAMAICA [urban] PERU Asia BANGLADESH Asia and CAMBODIA and Pacific Pacific CHINA KAZAKHSTAN LAO PDR NEPAL SRI LANKA UZBEKISTAN VIETNAM FIJI PAPAU NEW GUINEA VANUATU Europe TURKEY Europe <14 14-17 17-18.5 25-30 30-40 >40 Severely Moderately Mildly Mildly Moderately Severely underweight underweight underweight overweight overweight overweight FIGURE 2-1 Percentage of women outside the healthy range of body mass index, with many countries having a high prevalence of both undernourished and overweight or obese individuals.
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From page 18... ...
Burlingame explained that preventing loss of food plant biodiversity is important not only from an environmental perspective, but also because different varieties and cultivars (i.e., genetic diversity within species) represent significant nutritional variation.
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Burlingame noted that by intensifying the rice ecosystem, many sources of micronutrients are lost, so much so that the International Rice Commission recommended to its membership (rice producers worldwide) that they promote sustainable development of aquatic biodiversity in rice-based ecosystems, that policy decisions enhance the living aquatic resource base, and that attention be given to the nutritional contribution of aquatic organisms and the diets of rural people who produce or depend on rice (FAO, 2002)
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. 6 A body mass index above 40 is considered morbid obesity, or Class III obesity.
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ENVIRONMENTAL PYRAMID LOW HIGH Sweets Beef Beef Cheese Cheese Eggs Fish Poultry Fish Cookies Poultry Sweets Legumes, Cookies Pasta, Milk, Yogurt Milk Yogurt Olive oil, Rice, Eggs Olive oil Vegetables Potatoes Bread Bread, Pasta Potatoes Legumes Fruit Fruits Vegetables HIGH LOW FOOD PYRAMID Figure 2-2.eps FIGURE 2-2 Cereal food losses and waste worldwide. SOURCE: Gustavsson et al., 2011.bitmap with masks and vector type added, landscape 21
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From page 22... ...
Recent Dietary Recommendations for Seafood Jones first summarized that, by and large, most public health organizations and professionals (e.g., the American Heart Association, the Association of Reproductive Health Professionals, and the Harvard School of Public Health) recommend that both adults and children consume between 6 and 12 ounces of seafood, preferably fatty fish and not top predators, each week (American Heart Association, 2013; Association of Reproductive Health Professionals, 2008; Harvard School of Public Health, no date; IOM, 2007)
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pounds, or 4.5 million metric tons. The reduction fishery, which includes menhaden, ac TABLE 2-1 Top 10 Sources of U.S.
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Jones warned that global statistics are not very reliable, but total global fish landings are estimated to be about 148 million metric tons per year (FAO, 2012b)
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domestic fish production. Second, she is not hopeful that changes in management and aquaculture can bridge the gap.
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FAO's interest in resource issues related to the animal protein sector stems from concerns about world population development and related nutrition issues. The global population is expected to continue to sharply increase, reaching almost 10 billion people by 2050, with most growth occurring in developing countries (Rekacewicz, 2005)
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Moreover, GHG emissions of livestock vary greatly worldwide as a result of variation in production efficiency. For example, the average cow in California produces approximately 20,000 pounds of milk per year, while the average cow (of the same breed)
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. Variation in percentage of carbon footprint contributions from the livestock sector calls into question the use of global averages, such as the 2006 FAO report stating that livestock contributes 18 percent of all GHG emissions (FAO, 2006)
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PANEL DISCUSSION WITH THE AUDIENCE In the panel discussion following Mitloehner's presentation, workshop participants asked questions and commented on several topics, including other evidence indicating that animal products in the diet impact climate change in more or different ways than described by Mitloehner; GHG emissions of livestock today versus those of bison in the past; problems and limitations with global fisheries data; and FAO strategies for dealing with natural resource issues associated with food. Other Evidence Indicating That Animal Products in the Diet Impact Climate Change in Different Ways Than Described by Mitloehner An audience member pointed out a recent study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America stating that reducing U.S.
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From page 30... ...
is very narrow. I'm very concerned that the audience here is not hearing about the other human health and environmental concerns associated with meat production, especially intensification of meat production." GHG Emissions of Livestock Today Versus Those of Bison in the Past Another audience member asked Mitloehner how the GHG footprint of modern dairy and beef herds across North America compares to the estimated GHG footprint of the indigenous bison herds of the 17th and 18th 11 See pages 4-5 in Pitesky et al.
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From page 31... ...
She emphasized that the choice of strategy is based on an assessment of the agroecological zone in question and an identification of which techniques and strategies can be used in that particular zone to maximize production and minimize environmental damage. Burlingame considered food losses and waste as one of the most important issues to consider when discussing natural resource issues associated with food.
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Another audience member commented on Burlingame's discussion of biodiversity and emphasized the importance of cultivar-level biodiversity and the "incredible amount of knowledge" that indigenous people have about that biodiversity. REFERENCES American Heart Association.
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2011. Global food losses and food waste.
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From page 34... ...
2012. Growth-promoting technologies decrease the carbon footprint, ammonia emissions, and costs of California beef production systems.
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