The National Academies Press

Currently Skimming:

Index
Pages 251-260

The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.

From page 251... ... , 3-4, 5, 11-13, 31, 49-52, 56, 57, 58, 60, 68, 73, 91,93, 142 classical test theory, 58 classification, general, 51-52, 148, 169-170 composites, 51-52 cost-performance assessment, 184, 186, 196, 198, 201, 207 criterion-related validity, 148-149, 156-158, 162-163, 165-170, 172174, 179, 183, 205 fairness, 44, 50, 52, 172-174, 179 high schools, use by, 34, 49 job performance, 12-13, 61-62, 104, 184, 186, 196, 198, 201, 205, 208 minorities, 44, 50, 52, 172-174 norms, 109-110 reliability, 121 subtests, 50 Army, 61, 67, 84, 95, 155, 157, 166, 188, 202 Black Americans in, 39-40 historical perspectives, 19-22, 39 Read the entire page →
From page 252... ... , 78, 90-91 Computers and computer science expert systems, 28, 86 JPM data base, 102 personnel classification programs, 35, 38, 187 sampling, 134, 138 simulations, 67, 134, 140 task inventories, 58, 78, 90 testing assisted by, 158, 187, 140 Congress of the U.S. AFQT, 53, 160, 163 demography and policy, 36, 37 oversight role, 33, 34, 54-56, 160, 163 Conscription, military, 3, 47, 48 Construct validity, 59-60, 73, 74-75, 143, 147, 153, 155 Content validity, 75-76, 90-91, 94, 96, 128-140, 147, 164 definition, 5-6, 128 work samples, 59-60 see also Tasks and task analysis Read the entire page →
From page 253... ... INDEX Cost factors, 6-7, 31, 60-61, 62, 208 AFQT, 186, 188, 189, 198-199, 201202 ASVAB, 184, 186, 196, 198, 201, 207 cost-performance models, 12-13, 46, 55, 56, 60, 91, 184-185, 188-189, 193-203, 209-210 hands-on testing, 6, 208, 209 JPM Project, 71-72, 91, 184-185, 209 Rand model, 194, 196-200, 201-203 recruitment and retention, 37, 54, 184, 193-194, 197-199 sampling, 105, 106, 128, 132, 138, 139 social, 29-30 task analysis, 86, 91, 120, 128, 132, 138, 139 training failures, 141 utility difference approach, 194-196, 199-200, 201-204 wages and salaries, 194-195 Criterion issues, 11-12, 26, 28-30, 68, 73, 78, 91, 102 fairness, 29, 171-183 historical perspectives, 22-28, 142143, 189 job knowledge tests, 150-152, 153, 155-156, 164-166, 168-169, 175 job performance, general, 19, 26-29, 30, 142-145, 152-153, 169-171, 172-173, 177, 183 minorities, 172-178 reliability, 158-159 sampling, 159-160 scores and scoring, general, 144 selection of personnel, general, 2930, 141, 152, 159 social factors, general, 29 training outcomes, 141-143, 155156, 170 work samples, 59-60 Criterion-related validity, 26, 59-60, 102, 141-183, 191, 196-197, 204, 205 AFQT, 160-164, 175-180 ASVAB, 148-149, 156-158, 162163, 165-170, 172-174, 179, 183, 205 253 graphs and tables illustrating, 145146 hands-on testing, 147-149, 153-155, 160-163, 168-172, 179 JPM project, 142-143, 147-183, 179, 183 predictive validity and, general, 26, 59-60, 102, 144-147, 149, 152, 156-171, 172, 174-178, 196-197, 204, 205 Cutoff scores, 44, 46-48, 57, 99, 184, 189-190, 196, 198, 200, 204205 D Data bases, JPM, 102 Delphi technique, 71, 192 Demography, 32, 36-38 historical perspectives, 15-16, 18-19, 32, 36, 39~4 recruits, 36-38, 198, 210 sampling, 106, 108 see also Gender factors; Minorities Department of Defense, 2, 4, 13, 32-33, 37-38, 207, 209 Congressional oversight role, general, 33, 34, 54-56 minorities, 39-43 standards, recruitment, 46-49, 58 see also Joint-Service Job Performance Measurement/ Enlistment Standards Project; �r. ~ ~ specific services Department of Labor, 16, 50 Deskilling, 45 Differential validity/prediction, 169171, 177, 201 Draft, see Conscription, military E Econometrics, 185 Rand model, 194, 196-200, 201203 utility difference approach, 194- 196, 199-200, 201-204 Economic factors, 32, 198 military budgets, 33, 34 Read the entire page →
From page 254... ... systematic errors, 123 range restriction, 160 rater error, 10-11, 113-115, 118, 126 sampling, 105, 106, 123, 132-133, 136 scoring, task performance, 98-99 standard deviation, 117-118, 135, 136, 175-176, 181-182, 195, 204 test administration factors, 111-114, 208 type II errors, 176-177 Experience, on job, 163-164, 196-200, 201, 202 Expert systems, 28, 86 INDEX F Factor structure, 21 Fairness analysis, 12, 29 ASVAB, 44, 50, 52, 172-174, 179 criterion values, 171-183 job performance, general, 12, 172173 predictive validity, 172, 174-178, 182 recruiting, 38-44 Fairness in Employment Testing, 179 Fidelity, 139-140 see also Simulations; Surrogates G Gender factors, 47, 172-173, 175, 181183 computer-aided classification, 35 see also Women General Aptitude Test Battery (GATE) , 16 Generalizability theory, 10-11, 122127, 151, 204-205 Grade-point average, 57 Group mean, 17-18 Group testing, 18, 19-20 H Halo effect, 26, 27 Hands-on testing, 7, 11-12, 30, 60, 6567, 68-69, 75, 101, 103, 208, 209 as benchmark, 60-61, 126, 147 content representativeness, 129-138 cost factors, 6, 208, 209 fidelity, 139-140 reliability, 11, 119-120 scoring, 98-100 standardization, 110-115, 139-140 validity, 147-149, 153-155, 160-163, 168-172, 179 walk-through performance tests, 6667, 94-95, 140, 152-153 Hispanics, 43 Historical perspectives, 1-2, 15-30, 78 armed services organizational structure, 32-33 Read the entire page →
From page 255... ... , 13, 30, 55, 56, 57-72, 103, 140, 184, 210 classical test theory, 58 cost-performance models, 71-72, 91, 184-185, 209 history, 3-5, 8, 56-72 Judges, see Raters and ratings K Korean War, 39, 47 L Labor unions, 16 Language skills, 20, 46, 150 Laws, specific federal Age Discrimination Act, 16 Civil Rights Act, 171-172 Selective Service Act, 47 Read the entire page →
From page 256... ... 256 Universal Military Training and Service Act, 47 Leniency effects, 26, 27 Likert scales, 26-27 Linear regression, 146, 174 M Manpower management, 7, 32-33, 4546, 184-210 historical perspectives, 19, 26, 28 Manuals, see Soldier's Manuals Marine Corps, 64-65, 67, 95, 68, 72, 91, 114, 165-166, 168-168, 188 Black Americans in, 40 occupations studied, 64-65 reliability assessments, 124-126, 127 sampling, 107, 130, 133 task analysis, 77-78, 94, 95-98, 130, 147-149 Mastery testing, 8, 189 Military Entrance Processing Stations, 35, 187 Minorities, 12, 71, 172-180 ASVAB, 44, 50, 52, 172-174 Black Americans, 12, 39-43, 173174, 175-181 classification, general, 41~4 combat participation, 43-44 computer-aided classification, 35, 38 differential validity/prediction, 172178 fairness, 172-181 racial bias, 19, 38-39 recruitment, 38-44 sampling, 106 Models cost-performance, 12-13, 46, 55, 56, 60, 91, 184-185, 188-189, 193203, 209-210 econometrics, 185, 194, 196-199, 200, 201-203 Motivation proficiency vs., 59 under testing conditions, 139 Multiple-choice tests, 1, 7 history, 18, 19, 20, 21 minorities, 44 Multistage sampling, 106 INDEX Multivariate analysis, 21, 134-135 N National Intelligence Test, 20 National Research Council, 19, 25, 3940 Naval Aviation Program, 22 Navy, 22, 47, 63-64, 66, 67, 69, 72, 188, 192 Black Americans in, 40 classification of personnel, general, 188, 192 occupations studied, 63-64 recruitment strategies, 37 reliability assessments, 119-120, 121, 124-126, 127 sampling, 106-108, 129-130, 135137 task analysis, 92-93, 120, 129-130, 135-136 Norms and norming, 3-4, 50-51, 56, 91,109-110,208-209 o Observation techniques, 28, 74, 81 test administration, 119-120 Organizational factors, 6 armed services organizational structure, 32-33 see also Human resource management p Paper-and-pencil tests, 61, 67, 121, 139-140, 142, 150-151, 153, 155156, 164-166, 175, 196 see also Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery Pearson's product-moment correlation, 18 Peer evaluation, 7, 23-25, 67, 167 Persian Gulf War, 37, 41 Personality traits, 25, 78, 81, 84, 88-91, 95, 102, 167, 209 interviewing, 152 Personnel Research Bureau, 22 Read the entire page →
From page 257... ... , 187, 188 Profile of American Youth, 4, 50 Project 100,000, 48-49 Psychometrics, general, 10 defined, 1-2 history, 17-18 see also Fairness analysis; Reliability; Validity Psychomotor skills, 142, 157, 158 Purposive sampling, 131-132, 133-138 Q Qualified Man Month (QMM) , 196200, 201, 202 R Rand model, 194, 196-200, 201-203 Random sampling, 105-106, 123, 132134, 159 purposive vs., 133-134, 133-138 stratified, 106, 133, 138 Raters and ratings, 10, 11, 67-68, 153, 155 cognitive processes of, 28 effects on examiners, 139, 152 expertise, 9, 28, 69, 71 interrater reliability, 118, 119-120, 121, 123, 126 peer, 7, 23-25, 67, 167 supervisor, 26-27, 67, 93-94, 104, 139, 153-155, 195, 196 257 Reading ability, 46 Army Beta, 20 Recruit Distribution Model, 188 Recruit quality, 4, 52-55, 184-186, 207 Recruitment and retention, 32, 33-44, 46, 52 ASVAB, 57 conscription, military, 3, 47, 48 cost factors, 37, 54, 184, 193-194, 197-199 demography, 36-38, 198, 210 enlistment standards, 12-13, 32, 44, 46-49, 52-55, 58, 61-62, 104, 184-188, 197-198, 208-209 fairness, 38-44 historical perspectives, 46-49, 53, 54, 55, 186 incentives, 37 minorities, 38-44 quality control, general, 4, 52-56 specialization, 33, 34-35, 36, 53 technical schools, role, 36, 53-54, 57 volunteer army, 3-4, 33-36, 47, 49, 56, 57-58 Reliability, 10-11, 21, 26, 27, 116-127 147 analysis of variance, 122, 123, 124126, 135 classical test theory, 117-118, 121-122 criterion reliability, 158-159 generalizability theory, 10-11, 122127, 151, 204-205 hands-on testing, 11, 119-120 internal consistency reliability, 119, 120-121 interrater reliability, 118, 119-120, 121, 123, 126 JPM project, 119-121, 124-127 Marine Corps, 124-126, 127 Navy, 119-120, 121, 124-126, 127 paper-and-pencil tests, 150-151, 153, 155-156, 164-166, 175 test-retest reliability, 148 Reservists, 38 Restriction of range, 26, 159-160 S Salaries, see Wages and salaries Read the entire page →
From page 258... ... 258 Sampling issues Army techniques, 107 availability, 107 content representativeness, 129-138 cost factors, 105, 106, 128, 132, 138, 139 demography, 106, 108 errors, 105, 106, 123, 132-133, 136 JPM project, 104-105 Marine Corps, 107, 130, 133 multistage, 106 Navy, 106-108, 129-130, 135-137 personnel, 8-9, 71-72, 103, 104-108 purposive, 131-132, 133-138 size, 136, 137, 173, 175, 176 specialties, 8, 63-66 tasks, 9, 59-60, 62-66, 68-69, 7475, 93, 96-97, 101, 126-127, 128130, 131-138 see also Random sampling Scholastic Aptitude Test, 20-21 Scores and scoring, 2, 3-4, 11, 98-100, 108, 109-111 computation of, 99-100, 114-115 cutoff, 44, 46-48, 57, 99, 184, 189190, 196, 198, 200, 204-205 errors and error analysis, general, 9899 hands-on testing, 98-100 job performance criteria, 144 JPM project, 99-100 weighting, 147-149 see also Raters and rating Selection, personnel, general, 1, 3, 5, 32-33, 46, 141, 207 aviators, 22-23 conscription, military, 3, 47, 48 historical perspectives, 19, 22-23 minorities, 44 performance criteria, 13, 56-72 validity, 11-12, 141 see also Recruitment and retention Selective Service Act, 47 Simulations, 7, 9, 67, 138-140 benchmarks and surrogates, 60-61, 126, 147 computer, 67, 134, 140 fidelity, 139-140 see also Surrogates INDEX Skill level, classification deskilling, 45 minorities and women, 41-43 see also Specialization Skill Qualification Test (SQT) , 196, 197, 199-200 Soldier's Manuals, 58, 69, 76, 77-78 Spatial ability, 157-158 Standardized testing, general, 103, 108115, 139 elementary/secondary education, 15 hands-on tests, 110-115, 139-140 norms and norming, 3-4, 50-51, 56, 91, 109-110 work samples, 59-60 see also Criterion issues; Multiplechoice tests Standards, see Enlistment standards Statistical analyses, 116 ANOVA, 122, 123, 124-126, 135 Bayesian, 105 criterion-related validity, 29, 145146, 158-159 factor structure, 21 graphs and tables, 145-146 historical perspectives, 17-18, 21, 22 linear regression, general, 146, 174 multivariate analysis, 21, 134-135 random sampling, 105-106, 132-133 sampling, other, 104, 105 see also Analysis of variance; Construct validity; Predictive validity Student Testing Program, 49 Subgroups sampling, 106 see also Fairness analysis; Minorities; Women Subjectivity raters, 11, 153 supervisor ratings, 26 Superior Evaluation Technique, 195 Supervisors, see Raters and ratings Surrogates, 60-61 benchmarks and, 60-61, 126, 147 computer simulations, 67, 134, 140 paper-and-pencil tests, 61, 67, 121, 139-140, 142, 150-151, 153, 155156, 164-166, 175, 196 Read the entire page →
From page 259... ... 69, 76, 77-78 technical schools, 36, 53-54, 57 test administrators, 113-114, 119 Trait analysis, 25, 78, 81, 84, 88-91, 95, 102 Type II errors, 176-177 U Universal Military Training and Service Act, 47 Utility difference approach, 194-196, 199-200, 201-204 V Validity, 2, 11-12 classification and, 11-12, 141, 152 construct validity, 59-60, 73, 74-75, 143, 147, 153, 155 content validity/representativeness, 59-60, 75-76, 90-91, 94, 96, 128140, 147, 164 differential, 169-171 historical perspectives, 18, 21, 22-30 Pearson's product-moment correlation, 18 selection, general, 11-12, 141 see also Criterion-related validity; Predictive validity Variability, tasks, 89 Vietnam War, 40, 48 Volunteer Armed Forces, 3-4, 33-36, 47, 49, 56, 57-58 W Wages and salaries, 194-195 Walk-through performance tests, 66-67, 94-95, 140, 152-153 Read the entire page →
From page 260... ... 260 Wars, see Combat situations; Korean War; Vietnam War; World War I; World War II Women, 36, 37, 41-43, 44, 71, 181183 INDEX computer-aided classification, 35 sampling, 106, 108 World War I, 18, 19-20 World War II, 22-25, 38, 46-47 Written tests, see Paper-and-pencil tests Read the entire page →

From page 251...

... , 3-4, 5, 11-13, 31, 49-52, 56, 57, 58, 60, 68, 73, 91,93, 142 classical test theory, 58 classification, general, 51-52, 148, 169-170 composites, 51-52 cost-performance assessment, 184, 186, 196, 198, 201, 207 criterion-related validity, 148-149, 156-158, 162-163, 165-170, 172174, 179, 183, 205 fairness, 44, 50, 52, 172-174, 179 high schools, use by, 34, 49 job performance, 12-13, 61-62, 104, 184, 186, 196, 198, 201, 205, 208 minorities, 44, 50, 52, 172-174 norms, 109-110 reliability, 121 subtests, 50 Army, 61, 67, 84, 95, 155, 157, 166, 188, 202 Black Americans in, 39-40 historical perspectives, 19-22, 39

Read the entire page →

From page 252...

... , 78, 90-91 Computers and computer science expert systems, 28, 86 JPM data base, 102 personnel classification programs, 35, 38, 187 sampling, 134, 138 simulations, 67, 134, 140 task inventories, 58, 78, 90 testing assisted by, 158, 187, 140 Congress of the U.S. AFQT, 53, 160, 163 demography and policy, 36, 37 oversight role, 33, 34, 54-56, 160, 163 Conscription, military, 3, 47, 48 Construct validity, 59-60, 73, 74-75, 143, 147, 153, 155 Content validity, 75-76, 90-91, 94, 96, 128-140, 147, 164 definition, 5-6, 128 work samples, 59-60 see also Tasks and task analysis

Read the entire page →

From page 253...

... INDEX Cost factors, 6-7, 31, 60-61, 62, 208 AFQT, 186, 188, 189, 198-199, 201202 ASVAB, 184, 186, 196, 198, 201, 207 cost-performance models, 12-13, 46, 55, 56, 60, 91, 184-185, 188-189, 193-203, 209-210 hands-on testing, 6, 208, 209 JPM Project, 71-72, 91, 184-185, 209 Rand model, 194, 196-200, 201-203 recruitment and retention, 37, 54, 184, 193-194, 197-199 sampling, 105, 106, 128, 132, 138, 139 social, 29-30 task analysis, 86, 91, 120, 128, 132, 138, 139 training failures, 141 utility difference approach, 194-196, 199-200, 201-204 wages and salaries, 194-195 Criterion issues, 11-12, 26, 28-30, 68, 73, 78, 91, 102 fairness, 29, 171-183 historical perspectives, 22-28, 142143, 189 job knowledge tests, 150-152, 153, 155-156, 164-166, 168-169, 175 job performance, general, 19, 26-29, 30, 142-145, 152-153, 169-171, 172-173, 177, 183 minorities, 172-178 reliability, 158-159 sampling, 159-160 scores and scoring, general, 144 selection of personnel, general, 2930, 141, 152, 159 social factors, general, 29 training outcomes, 141-143, 155156, 170 work samples, 59-60 Criterion-related validity, 26, 59-60, 102, 141-183, 191, 196-197, 204, 205 AFQT, 160-164, 175-180 ASVAB, 148-149, 156-158, 162163, 165-170, 172-174, 179, 183, 205 253 graphs and tables illustrating, 145146 hands-on testing, 147-149, 153-155, 160-163, 168-172, 179 JPM project, 142-143, 147-183, 179, 183 predictive validity and, general, 26, 59-60, 102, 144-147, 149, 152, 156-171, 172, 174-178, 196-197, 204, 205 Cutoff scores, 44, 46-48, 57, 99, 184, 189-190, 196, 198, 200, 204205 D Data bases, JPM, 102 Delphi technique, 71, 192 Demography, 32, 36-38 historical perspectives, 15-16, 18-19, 32, 36, 39~4 recruits, 36-38, 198, 210 sampling, 106, 108 see also Gender factors; Minorities Department of Defense, 2, 4, 13, 32-33, 37-38, 207, 209 Congressional oversight role, general, 33, 34, 54-56 minorities, 39-43 standards, recruitment, 46-49, 58 see also Joint-Service Job Performance Measurement/ Enlistment Standards Project; �r. ~ ~ specific services Department of Labor, 16, 50 Deskilling, 45 Differential validity/prediction, 169171, 177, 201 Draft, see Conscription, military E Econometrics, 185 Rand model, 194, 196-200, 201203 utility difference approach, 194- 196, 199-200, 201-204 Economic factors, 32, 198 military budgets, 33, 34

Read the entire page →

From page 254...

... systematic errors, 123 range restriction, 160 rater error, 10-11, 113-115, 118, 126 sampling, 105, 106, 123, 132-133, 136 scoring, task performance, 98-99 standard deviation, 117-118, 135, 136, 175-176, 181-182, 195, 204 test administration factors, 111-114, 208 type II errors, 176-177 Experience, on job, 163-164, 196-200, 201, 202 Expert systems, 28, 86 INDEX F Factor structure, 21 Fairness analysis, 12, 29 ASVAB, 44, 50, 52, 172-174, 179 criterion values, 171-183 job performance, general, 12, 172173 predictive validity, 172, 174-178, 182 recruiting, 38-44 Fairness in Employment Testing, 179 Fidelity, 139-140 see also Simulations; Surrogates G Gender factors, 47, 172-173, 175, 181183 computer-aided classification, 35 see also Women General Aptitude Test Battery (GATE) , 16 Generalizability theory, 10-11, 122127, 151, 204-205 Grade-point average, 57 Group mean, 17-18 Group testing, 18, 19-20 H Halo effect, 26, 27 Hands-on testing, 7, 11-12, 30, 60, 6567, 68-69, 75, 101, 103, 208, 209 as benchmark, 60-61, 126, 147 content representativeness, 129-138 cost factors, 6, 208, 209 fidelity, 139-140 reliability, 11, 119-120 scoring, 98-100 standardization, 110-115, 139-140 validity, 147-149, 153-155, 160-163, 168-172, 179 walk-through performance tests, 6667, 94-95, 140, 152-153 Hispanics, 43 Historical perspectives, 1-2, 15-30, 78 armed services organizational structure, 32-33

Read the entire page →

From page 255...

... , 13, 30, 55, 56, 57-72, 103, 140, 184, 210 classical test theory, 58 cost-performance models, 71-72, 91, 184-185, 209 history, 3-5, 8, 56-72 Judges, see Raters and ratings K Korean War, 39, 47 L Labor unions, 16 Language skills, 20, 46, 150 Laws, specific federal Age Discrimination Act, 16 Civil Rights Act, 171-172 Selective Service Act, 47

Read the entire page →

From page 256...

... 256 Universal Military Training and Service Act, 47 Leniency effects, 26, 27 Likert scales, 26-27 Linear regression, 146, 174 M Manpower management, 7, 32-33, 4546, 184-210 historical perspectives, 19, 26, 28 Manuals, see Soldier's Manuals Marine Corps, 64-65, 67, 95, 68, 72, 91, 114, 165-166, 168-168, 188 Black Americans in, 40 occupations studied, 64-65 reliability assessments, 124-126, 127 sampling, 107, 130, 133 task analysis, 77-78, 94, 95-98, 130, 147-149 Mastery testing, 8, 189 Military Entrance Processing Stations, 35, 187 Minorities, 12, 71, 172-180 ASVAB, 44, 50, 52, 172-174 Black Americans, 12, 39-43, 173174, 175-181 classification, general, 41~4 combat participation, 43-44 computer-aided classification, 35, 38 differential validity/prediction, 172178 fairness, 172-181 racial bias, 19, 38-39 recruitment, 38-44 sampling, 106 Models cost-performance, 12-13, 46, 55, 56, 60, 91, 184-185, 188-189, 193203, 209-210 econometrics, 185, 194, 196-199, 200, 201-203 Motivation proficiency vs., 59 under testing conditions, 139 Multiple-choice tests, 1, 7 history, 18, 19, 20, 21 minorities, 44 Multistage sampling, 106 INDEX Multivariate analysis, 21, 134-135 N National Intelligence Test, 20 National Research Council, 19, 25, 3940 Naval Aviation Program, 22 Navy, 22, 47, 63-64, 66, 67, 69, 72, 188, 192 Black Americans in, 40 classification of personnel, general, 188, 192 occupations studied, 63-64 recruitment strategies, 37 reliability assessments, 119-120, 121, 124-126, 127 sampling, 106-108, 129-130, 135137 task analysis, 92-93, 120, 129-130, 135-136 Norms and norming, 3-4, 50-51, 56, 91,109-110,208-209 o Observation techniques, 28, 74, 81 test administration, 119-120 Organizational factors, 6 armed services organizational structure, 32-33 see also Human resource management p Paper-and-pencil tests, 61, 67, 121, 139-140, 142, 150-151, 153, 155156, 164-166, 175, 196 see also Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery Pearson's product-moment correlation, 18 Peer evaluation, 7, 23-25, 67, 167 Persian Gulf War, 37, 41 Personality traits, 25, 78, 81, 84, 88-91, 95, 102, 167, 209 interviewing, 152 Personnel Research Bureau, 22

Read the entire page →

From page 257...

... , 187, 188 Profile of American Youth, 4, 50 Project 100,000, 48-49 Psychometrics, general, 10 defined, 1-2 history, 17-18 see also Fairness analysis; Reliability; Validity Psychomotor skills, 142, 157, 158 Purposive sampling, 131-132, 133-138 Q Qualified Man Month (QMM) , 196200, 201, 202 R Rand model, 194, 196-200, 201-203 Random sampling, 105-106, 123, 132134, 159 purposive vs., 133-134, 133-138 stratified, 106, 133, 138 Raters and ratings, 10, 11, 67-68, 153, 155 cognitive processes of, 28 effects on examiners, 139, 152 expertise, 9, 28, 69, 71 interrater reliability, 118, 119-120, 121, 123, 126 peer, 7, 23-25, 67, 167 supervisor, 26-27, 67, 93-94, 104, 139, 153-155, 195, 196 257 Reading ability, 46 Army Beta, 20 Recruit Distribution Model, 188 Recruit quality, 4, 52-55, 184-186, 207 Recruitment and retention, 32, 33-44, 46, 52 ASVAB, 57 conscription, military, 3, 47, 48 cost factors, 37, 54, 184, 193-194, 197-199 demography, 36-38, 198, 210 enlistment standards, 12-13, 32, 44, 46-49, 52-55, 58, 61-62, 104, 184-188, 197-198, 208-209 fairness, 38-44 historical perspectives, 46-49, 53, 54, 55, 186 incentives, 37 minorities, 38-44 quality control, general, 4, 52-56 specialization, 33, 34-35, 36, 53 technical schools, role, 36, 53-54, 57 volunteer army, 3-4, 33-36, 47, 49, 56, 57-58 Reliability, 10-11, 21, 26, 27, 116-127 147 analysis of variance, 122, 123, 124126, 135 classical test theory, 117-118, 121-122 criterion reliability, 158-159 generalizability theory, 10-11, 122127, 151, 204-205 hands-on testing, 11, 119-120 internal consistency reliability, 119, 120-121 interrater reliability, 118, 119-120, 121, 123, 126 JPM project, 119-121, 124-127 Marine Corps, 124-126, 127 Navy, 119-120, 121, 124-126, 127 paper-and-pencil tests, 150-151, 153, 155-156, 164-166, 175 test-retest reliability, 148 Reservists, 38 Restriction of range, 26, 159-160 S Salaries, see Wages and salaries

Read the entire page →

From page 258...

... 258 Sampling issues Army techniques, 107 availability, 107 content representativeness, 129-138 cost factors, 105, 106, 128, 132, 138, 139 demography, 106, 108 errors, 105, 106, 123, 132-133, 136 JPM project, 104-105 Marine Corps, 107, 130, 133 multistage, 106 Navy, 106-108, 129-130, 135-137 personnel, 8-9, 71-72, 103, 104-108 purposive, 131-132, 133-138 size, 136, 137, 173, 175, 176 specialties, 8, 63-66 tasks, 9, 59-60, 62-66, 68-69, 7475, 93, 96-97, 101, 126-127, 128130, 131-138 see also Random sampling Scholastic Aptitude Test, 20-21 Scores and scoring, 2, 3-4, 11, 98-100, 108, 109-111 computation of, 99-100, 114-115 cutoff, 44, 46-48, 57, 99, 184, 189190, 196, 198, 200, 204-205 errors and error analysis, general, 9899 hands-on testing, 98-100 job performance criteria, 144 JPM project, 99-100 weighting, 147-149 see also Raters and rating Selection, personnel, general, 1, 3, 5, 32-33, 46, 141, 207 aviators, 22-23 conscription, military, 3, 47, 48 historical perspectives, 19, 22-23 minorities, 44 performance criteria, 13, 56-72 validity, 11-12, 141 see also Recruitment and retention Selective Service Act, 47 Simulations, 7, 9, 67, 138-140 benchmarks and surrogates, 60-61, 126, 147 computer, 67, 134, 140 fidelity, 139-140 see also Surrogates INDEX Skill level, classification deskilling, 45 minorities and women, 41-43 see also Specialization Skill Qualification Test (SQT) , 196, 197, 199-200 Soldier's Manuals, 58, 69, 76, 77-78 Spatial ability, 157-158 Standardized testing, general, 103, 108115, 139 elementary/secondary education, 15 hands-on tests, 110-115, 139-140 norms and norming, 3-4, 50-51, 56, 91, 109-110 work samples, 59-60 see also Criterion issues; Multiplechoice tests Standards, see Enlistment standards Statistical analyses, 116 ANOVA, 122, 123, 124-126, 135 Bayesian, 105 criterion-related validity, 29, 145146, 158-159 factor structure, 21 graphs and tables, 145-146 historical perspectives, 17-18, 21, 22 linear regression, general, 146, 174 multivariate analysis, 21, 134-135 random sampling, 105-106, 132-133 sampling, other, 104, 105 see also Analysis of variance; Construct validity; Predictive validity Student Testing Program, 49 Subgroups sampling, 106 see also Fairness analysis; Minorities; Women Subjectivity raters, 11, 153 supervisor ratings, 26 Superior Evaluation Technique, 195 Supervisors, see Raters and ratings Surrogates, 60-61 benchmarks and, 60-61, 126, 147 computer simulations, 67, 134, 140 paper-and-pencil tests, 61, 67, 121, 139-140, 142, 150-151, 153, 155156, 164-166, 175, 196

Read the entire page →

From page 259...

... 69, 76, 77-78 technical schools, 36, 53-54, 57 test administrators, 113-114, 119 Trait analysis, 25, 78, 81, 84, 88-91, 95, 102 Type II errors, 176-177 U Universal Military Training and Service Act, 47 Utility difference approach, 194-196, 199-200, 201-204 V Validity, 2, 11-12 classification and, 11-12, 141, 152 construct validity, 59-60, 73, 74-75, 143, 147, 153, 155 content validity/representativeness, 59-60, 75-76, 90-91, 94, 96, 128140, 147, 164 differential, 169-171 historical perspectives, 18, 21, 22-30 Pearson's product-moment correlation, 18 selection, general, 11-12, 141 see also Criterion-related validity; Predictive validity Variability, tasks, 89 Vietnam War, 40, 48 Volunteer Armed Forces, 3-4, 33-36, 47, 49, 56, 57-58 W Wages and salaries, 194-195 Walk-through performance tests, 66-67, 94-95, 140, 152-153

Read the entire page →

From page 260...

... 260 Wars, see Combat situations; Korean War; Vietnam War; World War I; World War II Women, 36, 37, 41-43, 44, 71, 181183 INDEX computer-aided classification, 35 sampling, 106, 108 World War I, 18, 19-20 World War II, 22-25, 38, 46-47 Written tests, see Paper-and-pencil tests

Read the entire page →

← Previous Chapter Skim

This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More information on Chapter Skim is available.

Index Pages 251-260

Index
Pages 251-260