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From page 1...
... Directorate for Geosciences/Division of Atmospheric and Geospace Sciences, the Space Studies Board of the National Research Council held a workshop on May 20-21, 2013, in Washington, D.C., entitled "The Role of High-Power, High FrequencyBand Transmitters in Advancing Ionospheric/Thermospheric Research." The request for this workshop was informed by the sponsors' awareness of the possibility that tight budgets would result in DOD's curtailment, or even termination, 1 of support for the High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) , which includes the world's highest-power and most capable HF transmitter -- "heater" -- for ionospheric research.
From page 2...
... Many participants in the workshop, even some who were familiar with experiments at heater facilities, said they came away with an increased appreciation for the breadth of phenomena that are addressed by the HAARP facility. 5 Throughout this report "HAARP" is used interchangeably with IRI except in those instances when reference is made to the HAARP facility, which includes the IRI, various diagnostic instrumentation, and other associated operational elements, or the "HAARP program," which strictly speaking is not correct, because the "P" in HAARP refers to "Program," but is common usage.
From page 3...
... waves for global submarine communication, while the Air Force interest included applications such as over-the-horizon radar and attempts to study the effects of injecting ULF, ELF, and VLF waves into the radiation belts in order to affect the lifetimes of "killer" million-electron-volt electrons that would otherwise disable low Earth orbit satellites. 6 Those applications were not widely discussed in this unclassified workshop, although some of them are mentioned in Chapter 4.
From page 4...
... Chapter 6 describes some of these proposals; in particular, NSF representatives at the workshop discussed their desire to move the Poker Flat, Alaska, advanced modular incoherent scatter radar (PFISR) to the HAARP site in Gakona, Alaska.
From page 5...
... Recent experiments at HAARP, some only possible since 2007 when the facility was completed and operation at the full design power became possible, have resulted in observations of phenomena that multiple participants characterized as new and exciting: • The creation of artificially ionized layers descending from near the F-peak to altitudes close to 150 km; • The capability of sustaining high-density plasma clouds in the F-region for more than 3 h, ending only when the heater was turned off; • Virtual antenna ULF/ELF generation with modulated F-region heating without requiring the presence of the natural electrojet; • Triggered emissions by injection of ELF/VLF waves in the radiation belts; and • Generation of very small size irregularities capable of enhancing total electron concentration (TEC) and affecting gigahertz (GHz)
From page 6...
... An ISR had been part of an initial proposed design for the HAARP facility, but it was not funded; 13 its addition was also advocated in an influential 2002 report of a study conducted by the director of DARPA. 14 Papadopoulos asserted that the unique combination of the Russian Resonance mission, discussed more extensively in the Chapter 3 section "Dynamics of the Radiation Belts," in combination with HAARP and a modern ISR, would produce "transformational science" because this combination would effectively constitute a unique type of experimental plasma physics laboratory in space.
From page 7...
... Studies of the nonlinear interaction of HF radio waves with the ionosphere using recently developed powerful and agile ionospheric heaters, such as the EISCAT heater and more recently the completed HAARP heater, have resulted in the development of novel techniques that workshop presenters, including Herbert Carlson, described as potentially transformational in their implications for understanding ITM regions and their coupling. According to Carlson and other participants familiar with recent active experiments, science areas impacted by the novel recent discoveries at EISCAT and HAARP include the following: • Radio science.
From page 8...
... • Numerous participants, including Richard Behnke, Robert Robinson, Robert McCoy, Dennis Papadopoulos, Paul Bernhardt, Todd Pedersen, Herbert Carlson, David Hysell, and Brett Isham, stated that moving an ISR to the HAARP site would provide critical diagnostic information that would help resolve physics-related issues involving ionosphere-thermosphere diagnostics, the physics of artificial ionization, and the details of virtual antenna operation. • Other participants noted that HAARP could be operated as a radar by upgrading the existing radar receiver to an imaging array.
From page 9...
... Specifically, according to several participants, moving PFISR to the HAARP site is expected to • Validate conclusions made using proxy techniques that were developed in the absence of an ISR and used to infer, for example, electron and ion temperatures and densities and drifts, all of which can be directly measured using the ISR technique. 18 See Joint Services Program Plans and Activities, Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, and Navy Office of Naval Research (1990)
From page 10...
... While this facility will be modest in power compared to HAARP, its collocation with Arecibo, the world's most sensitive incoherent scatter radar, raises the prospect of discovery science in the areas of artificial and naturally occurring ionospheric phenomena.The Arecibo heater came about through close collaboration between DOD and NSF. The AIMI panel regards this kind of interagency cooperation as a model to be followed for the utilization of existing ionospheric modification facilities as well as the planning and development of new ones" (p.
From page 11...
... :393-394. Joint Services Program Plans and Activities, Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, and Navy Office of Naval Research.


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