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2 The Global Landscape of Agricultural Research and Development
Pages 29-42

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From page 29...
... Research-induced improvements in productivity have helped U.S. agriculture to remain competitive in increasingly integrated global commodity markets and to achieve an environmentally sustainable supply of safe, nutritious, and lower-cost food, feed, fiber, and biomass for energy and other uses (Pardey et al., 2013)
From page 30...
... In 2010, the United States accounted for 37.4% of the world's corn, 34.6% of soybean, 15.8% of sorghum, and 9.2% of wheat production. The global prominence of the United States as a producer and exporter of food and other agricultural commodities and its competitiveness in increasingly integrated international markets are inextricably tied to research-induced improvements in agricultural productivity (Shane et al., 1998)
From page 31...
... These high rates of return illustrate a 3  lthough A the long-run trend is a reduction in corn acreage relative to the acreage of 1900, corn acreage declined from 94.9 million acres in 1900 to 54.6 million in 1969 and had i ­ncreased to 84.0 million acres in 2011. 4  he 2010 National Research Council report entitled The Impact of Genetically Engineered T Crops on Farm Sustainability in the United States concluded that "Farmers who have adopted GE crops have experienced lower cost of production and obtained higher yields in many cases because of more cost-effective weed control and reduced losses from insect pests" (NRC, 2010a, p.
From page 32...
... agricultural multifactor productivity growth in alternative research spending scenarios. In a pessimistic scenario, with R&D spending growing in real terms at the 1990–2002 rate, the future rate of agricultural productivity growth slowed to just 0.11% per year during the 2040s, less 5  n optimal strategy would be to increase spending on R&D until the marginal dollar spent A earned a dollar in benefits, thus driving the marginal benefit-cost ratio down to 1.
From page 33...
... es timates of multifactor productivity growth rates that account for changes in the use of 58 categories of inputs in the periods examined: 32 categories of labor inputs, 12 categories of capital inputs (including 7 physical capital categories and 5 biological capital categories) , 3 land categories, and 11 material input categories.
From page 34...
... A continued reduction in the U.S. global share of publicly performed food and agricultural research is not a foregone conclusion, but the trends are heavily influenced by policy choices made by the United States and other countries.
From page 35...
... THE GLOBAL LANDSCAPE OF AGRICULTURAL R&D 35 12 (a) 10 Total public and private billion 2005 US$ 8 Total private 6 Total public 4 2 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2009 5.0 Figure 2-2a (b)
From page 36...
... Over the last decade, the BIC countries ramped up their rate of spending, increasing by 7.3% per year compared with 1.04% per year in the United States. The President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology stated in its report that "the waning public investment in agricultural research in the United States contributes significantly to the risk of losing its international leadership in agriculture" (PCAST, 2012, p.
From page 37...
... . Agriculture and chemical research (which includes biological research intended to develop new crop varieties and innovations designed to develop new herbicides, pesticides, and veterinary medicines)
From page 38...
... As the funding from other agencies has grown, the priorities 80 70 USDA share of total federal 60 Percentage of Total Federal Funding NIFA share of total 50 federal 40 Federal share of SAES 30 20 NIFA share of SAES 10 0 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2009 Year FIGURE 2-3  Roles of the federal government, including USDA, in funding SAES research, 1975–2009. NIFA = National Institute of Food and Agriculture.
From page 39...
... agricultural R&D will probably slow innovation and slow the growth of the knowledge base necessary to meet evolving challenges presented by increasingly competitive global markets, increasing resource scarcity, growing environmental concerns (such as climate variability, water use, pollution) , and the rapidly expanding food needs faced by the United States and thereby jeopardize the United States' ability to maintain competitiveness in international agricultural and food markets.
From page 40...
... 2013b. Public Food and Agricultural Research in the United States: The Rise and Decline of Public Investments, and Policies for Re newal.
From page 41...
... 2013. ERS Food Dollar Series allows an in depth look at farm level commodity components of the U.S.


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