Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals Volume 16 (2014) / Chapter Skim
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1 Aliphatic Nitriles1 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels PREFACE Under the authority of the Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA)
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14 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
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Aliphatic Nitriles 15 1.1.1. Acetonitrile In humans, studies of smokers suggested that 91 ± 4% of the acetonitrile inhaled in cigarette smoke was retained and that a significant portion may have been retained in the mouth (Dalhamn et al.
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16 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels in the expired air and urine and only trace amounts in the feces. The presence of radioactivity in the gastrointestinal tract for up to 24-h post-exposure suggested enterohepatic recirculation of propionitrile or metabolites.
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Aliphatic Nitriles 17 Tanii and Hashimoto (1986) studied the effect of ethanol on the metabolism of 20 nitriles, including acetonitrile, isobutyronitrile, propionitrile, and chloroacetonitrile.
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18 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels trile, and benzyl cyanide. Nasal maxilloturbinate, ethmoturbinate, and liver microsomes were prepared from 10-16-week-old male F344 rats.
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Aliphatic Nitriles 19 1.5. Species Sensitivity Data on the aliphatic nitriles suggest that mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs, and monkeys are more sensitive than rats to the effects of acetonitrile.
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20 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels Data were unavailable to determine an empirical value of n for isobutyronitrile, propionitrile, chloroacetonitrile, or malononitrile. In the absence of chemical-specific data, default values of n = 3 for extrapolation shorter durations and n = 1 for extrapolation to longer durations were used to provide AEGL values that are protective of human health (NRC 2001)
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Aliphatic Nitriles 21 The no-effect level for maternal and fetal mortality in pregnant rats exposed to acetonitrile at 1,500 ppm for 6 h/day on gestational days 6-20 (Saillenfait et al.
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22 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels 2.2. Introduction Acetonitrile is a volatile, colorless liquid at ambient temperature and pressure (WHO 1993)
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Aliphatic Nitriles 23 TABLE 1-3 Chemical and Physical Data on Acetonitrile Parameter Data Reference Common name Acetonitrile HSDB 2009 Synonyms Cyanomethane; ethanenitrile; nitrile of WHO 1993 acetic acid; methyl cyanide; ethyl nitrile; methanecarbonitrile CAS registry no. 75-05-8 HSDB 2009 Chemical formula CH3CN HSDB 2009 Molecular weight 41.05 HSDB 2009 Physical state Colorless liquid HSDB 2009 Boiling point 81.6°C WHO 1993 Freezing point -45°C HSDB 2009 Flash point 5.6°C (open cup)
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24 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels when they returned home; however, during the night or the next day, both men were hospitalized with lightheadedness and semiconsciousness, chest pain, nausea, emesis, tachycardia, pallor, shallow or intermittent respiration, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Both men recovered and returned to work in 10-20 days.
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Aliphatic Nitriles 25 (1991) reported the case of a 2-year-old girl who had ingested 5-10 mL artificial nail glue remover containing 84% acetonitrile.
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26 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels 2.3.5. Carcinogenicity Carcinogenicity studies regarding human exposure to acetonitrile were not available.
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Aliphatic Nitriles 27 to the exposure chamber where the atmosphere was analyzed every half-hour by gas chromatography. Irregular respiration, hyperemia, incoordination, and face pawing were observed at sublethal concentrations during exposure, and irregular respiration, hyperemia followed by pale ears, face pawing, incoordination, and unresponsiveness were observed at lethal concentrations during exposure.
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28 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels TABLE 1-4 Mortality in Rats Exposed to Acetonitrile for 8 and 4 Hours Concentration 8h 4h (ppm) Male Female Male Female 1,000 0/12 0/12 – – 2,000 0/12 1/12 – – 4,000 1/12 1/12 0/12 0/12 8,000 6/12 1/12 3/12 0/12 16,000 12/12 9/12 3/12 6/12 32,000 12/12 12/12 12/12 12/12 LC50 7,551 12,435 16,000 16,000 (5,975 to 9,542)
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Aliphatic Nitriles 29 The oral LD50 for acetonitrile was estimated to be 269 mg/kg in male ddY mice (Tanii and Hashimoto 1984)
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30 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels Five male and five female rats were exposed to acetonitrile at 4,760 ppm in a 200-L glass chamber for 1 h and observed for 14 days (Northview Pacific Labs 1989)
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Aliphatic Nitriles 31 2.4.2.2. Mice In a repeated-exposure study, groups of 10 male and 10 female B6C3F1 mice were exposed to acetonitrile at 0, 100, 200, 400, 800, or 1,600 ppm for 6 h/day, 5 days/week for 13 weeks (NTP 1996)
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32 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels moderate hemorrhage of superior and inferior sagittal sinuses of the brain; however, this effect was considered an artifact of postmortem alteration due to tissue handling procedures. Pozzani et al.
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Aliphatic Nitriles 33 tion, and one dam had dyspnea, hypothermia, and tremors at the conclusion of exposure; this animal died 5 h later. Six abnormal fetuses were found in two litters from the 5,000-ppm group; malformations included exencephalyencephalocoele and rib fusions.
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34 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels high-dose dams; no other maternal effects were found at lower concentrations. Increases in early resorptions and post-implantation losses were found only in the high-dose group, and no teratogenic effects were found in any dose group.
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Aliphatic Nitriles 35 chamber concentration to decay to 10% of target after vapor generation was terminated was 14-17 min. No treatment-related effects on survival, mean body weights, organ weights, clinical signs, or hematological parameters were found.
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36 TABLE 1-5 Summary of Lethal Effects of Acetonitrile in Animals Species Concentration (ppm) Exposure Duration Effect Reference Acute exposure Rat 53,000 15 min No death Pozzani et al.
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Repeated exposure Mouse (female) 200 6 h/d, 5 d/wk, 13 wk No death NTP 1996 Mouse (male)
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38 TABLE 1-6 Summary of Sublethal Effects of Acetonitrile in Animals Species Concentration (ppm) Exposure Duration Effect Reference Acute exposure Rat 4,000 4h Less than marked pulmonary congestion or hemorrhage.
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Mouse 800; 1,600 6 h/d, 5 d/wk, 90 d Hypoactivity, hunched rigid posture, decreased body NTP 1996 weight gain (in 800-ppm group only) , increased liver weight, forestomach pathology, increased cytoplasmic vacuolization of liver, death.
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40 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels designed to detect chromosome aberrations. There was equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity in male F344/N rats based on marginally increased incidences of hepatocellular adenoma and carcinoma.
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Aliphatic Nitriles 41 TABLE 1-7 AEGL-1 Values for Acetonitrile 10 min 30 min 1h 4h 8h 13 ppm 13 ppm 13 ppm 13 ppm NRa (22 mg/m3)
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42 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels TABLE 1-8 AEGL-2 Values for Acetonitrile 10 min 30 min 1h 4h 8h 80 ppm 80 ppm 50 ppm 21 ppm 14 ppm (130 mg/m3)
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Aliphatic Nitriles 43 tions of lethality in repeated exposure studies. In a 13-week study (6 h/day, 5 days/week)
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44 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels TABLE 1-10 AEGL Values for Acetonitrile Classification 10 min 30 min 1h 4h 8h AEGL-1 13 ppm 13 ppm 13 ppm 13 ppm NRa (nondisabling)
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Aliphatic Nitriles 45 cyanide liberation. However, no definitive data are available to explain this interspecies difference for acetonitrile.
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46 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels g MAC (maximaal aanvaaarde concentratie [maximal accepted concentration] , Dutch Expert Committee for Occupational Standards, The Netherlands)
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Aliphatic Nitriles 47 TABLE 1-12 AEGL Values for Isobutyronitrile End Point Classification 10 min 30 min 1h 4h 8h (Reference) AEGL-1 NRa NRa NRa NRa NRa Insufficient data (nondisabling)
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48 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels TABLE 1-13 Chemical and Physical Data for Isobutyronitrile Parameter Data Reference Common name Isobutyronitrile HSDB 2003a Synonyms 2-Methylpropanenitrile; 1-cyano-1-methylethane; HSDB 2003a 2-cyanopropane; 2-methylpropionitrile; dimethylacetonitrile; isopropyl cyanide; propanoic acid, 2-methyl-, nitrile CAS registry no. 78-82-0 HSDB 2003a Chemical formula C4H7N HSDB 2003a Molecular weight 69.1 HSDB 2003a Physical state Colorless liquid HSDB 2003a Melting point -71.5°C HSDB 2003a Boiling point 103.9°C HSDB 2003a Density/Specific gravity 0.7704 at 20°C HSDB 2003a Solubility Slightly soluble in water; soluble in alcohol HSDB 2003a and ether Vapor density 2.38 (air = 1)
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Aliphatic Nitriles 49 3.3.4. Genotoxicity Genotoxicity studies regarding acute human exposure to isobutyronitrile were not available.
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50 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels ues of 1,143 ppm and 1,630 ppm were calculated for males and females, respectively; the combined LC10 was 1,173 ppm. A combined LC01 of 677 ppm was also calculated.
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Aliphatic Nitriles 51 TABLE 1-14 Deaths within 24 Hours of Exposure to Isobutyronitrile at Nominal Saturation of 37,000 ppm Species Exposure Duration (min) Mortality Rats 4.0 0/10 5.0 1/10 6.0 4/10 8.0 6/10 10.0 10/10 Mice 0.25 0/10 0.5 3/10 1.0 5/10 1.5 7/10 2.0 10/10 Source: Data from Tsurumi and Kawada 1971.
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52 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels reported. Males in the 0.2 g/kg-group had decreased mean body weights, and males and females exposed at 0.2 g/kg had slightly increased stomach, liver, and adrenal weights compared with controls.
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Aliphatic Nitriles 53 3.4.6. Summary One-hour LC10 values for isobutyronitrile of 1,143 and 1,630 ppm for male and female rats, respectively, have been reported (Katz 1986)
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54 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels 3.6.2. Animal Data Relevant to AEGL-2 No maternal or fetal effects were observed in pregnant rats exposed to isobutyronitrile at 50 or 100 ppm for 6 h/day on gestational days 6-20 (Saillenfait et al.
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Aliphatic Nitriles 55 3.7.3. Derivation of AEGL-3 Values The no-effect level of 100 ppm for maternal mortality in pregnant rats exposed to isobutyronitrile for 6 h/day on gestational days 6-20 (Saillenfait et al.
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56 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels TABLE 1-16 AEGL-3 Values for Isobutyronitrile 10 min 30 min 1h 4h 8h 7.6 ppm 7.6 ppm 6.1 ppm 3.8 ppm 2.5 ppm (22 mg/m3)
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Aliphatic Nitriles 57 TABLE 1-18 Standards and Guidelines for Isobutyronitrile Exposure Duration Guideline 10 min 30 min 1h 4h 8h AEGL-1 NRa NRa NRa NRa NRa AEGL-2 2.5 ppm 2.5 ppm 2.0 ppm 1.3 ppm 0.83 ppm (7.1 mg/m3)
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58 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels insufficient to derive AEGL-2 values, so AEGL-2 values were derived by dividing AEGL-3 values by 3. The threshold level for maternal mortality and increased fetal resorptions in pregnant rats exposed to propionitrile at 150 ppm for 6 h/day on gestational days 6-20 (Saillenfait et al.
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Aliphatic Nitriles 59 4.2. Introduction Propionitrile is a colorless liquid at ambient temperature and pressure.
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60 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels 4.3.2. Nonlethal Toxicity 4.3.2.1.
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Aliphatic Nitriles 61 4.3.3. Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity Developmental and reproductive studies of acute human exposure to propionitrile were not available.
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62 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels liver discoloration, and acute gastrointestinal inflammation. The viscera of animals surviving the 14-day follow-up period appeared normal.
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Aliphatic Nitriles 63 An oral LD50 for propionitrile was estimated to be 36 mg/kg in male ddY mice (Tanii and Hashimoto 1984)
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64 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels amounted to 11-13% of the control values. No treatment-related fetal malformations were observed.
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Aliphatic Nitriles 65 chromyces cerevisiae strain D61.M (Whittaker et al.
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66 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels 4.6 Data Analysis for AEGL-2 4.6.1. Human Data Relevant to AEGL-2 A worker exposed to propionitrile at approximately 34 ppm for 2 h experienced headache, nausea, and dizziness (Scolnick et al.
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Aliphatic Nitriles 67 TABLE 1-22 AEGL-2 Values for Propionitrile 10 min 30 min 1h 4h 8h 3.7 ppm 3.7 ppm 3.0 ppm 1.9 ppm 1.3 ppm (8.3 mg/m3)
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68 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels TABLE 1-23 AEGL-3 Values for Propionitrile 10 min 30 min 1h 4h 8h 11 ppm 11 ppm 9.1 ppm 5.7 ppm 3.8 ppm (25 mg/m3)
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Aliphatic Nitriles 69 TABLE 1-25 Standards and Guidelines for Propionitrile Exposure Duration Guideline 10 min 30 min 1h 4h 8h AEGL-1 NRa NRa NRa NRa NRa AEGL-2 3.7 ppm 3.7 ppm 3.0 ppm 1.9 ppm 1.3 ppm (8.3 mg/m3)
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70 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels TABLE 1-26 AEGL Values for Chloroacetonitrile Classification 10 min 30 min 1h 4h 8h End point (Reference) AEGL-1 NRa NRa NRa NRa NRa Insufficient data (nondisabling)
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Aliphatic Nitriles 71 5.3.2. Nonlethal Toxicity Information concerning nonlethal toxicity in humans following inhalation exposure to chloroacetonitrile is not available.
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72 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels 5.4.1.2. Mice The oral LD50 for chloroacetonitrile was estimated to be 139 mg/kg in male ddY mice (Tanii and Hashimoto 1984)
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Aliphatic Nitriles 73 al.
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74 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels have been reported. In mice, an oral LD50 of 139 mg/kg (Tanii and Hashimoto 1984)
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Aliphatic Nitriles 75 5.7. Data Analysis for AEGL-2 5.7.1.
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76 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels TABLE 1-28 AEGL-2 Values for Chloroacetonitrile 10 min 30 min 1h 4h 8h 8.0 ppm 8.0 ppm 5.0 ppm 2.1 ppm 1.4 ppm (25 mg/m3)
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Aliphatic Nitriles 77 TABLE 1-29 AEGL-3 Values for Chloroacetonitrile 10 min 30 min 1h 4h 8h 24 ppm 24 ppm 15 ppm 6.4 ppm 4.2 ppm (74 mg/m3)
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78 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels TABLE 1-31 AEGL Values for Malononitrile End Point Classification 10 min 30 min 1h 4h 8h (Reference) AEGL-1 NRa NRa NRa NRa NRa Insufficient data (nondisabling)
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Aliphatic Nitriles 79 dia was noted 10-20 min after infusion of malononitrile in all 66 patients. Facial redness, nausea, vomiting, shivering, cold hands and feet, muscle spasms, and numbness were also reported.
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80 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels 6.3.3. Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity Developmental and reproductive toxicity studies of acute human exposure to malononitrile were not available.
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Aliphatic Nitriles 81 6.4.1.2. Mice Panov (1969)
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82 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels the mucosa of the lips and extremities. The symptoms reportedly subsided following removal of the chemical by washing.
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Aliphatic Nitriles 83 6.6. Data Analysis for AEGL-2 6.6.1.
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84 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels TABLE 1-33 AEGL-2 Values for Malononitrile 10 min 30 min 1h 4h 8h 1.2 ppm 1.2 ppm 0.77 ppm 0.32 ppm 0.22 ppm (3.3 mg/m3)
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Aliphatic Nitriles 85 TABLE 1-34 AEGL-3 Values for Malononitrile 10 min 30 min 1h 4h 8h 3.7 ppm 3.7 ppm 2.3 ppm 0.98 ppm 0.65 ppm (10 mg/m3)
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86 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels Ahmed, A.E., and M.Y. Farooqui.
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Aliphatic Nitriles 87 eds. Report No.
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88 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels Haguenoer, J.M., J Dequidt, and M.C.
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Aliphatic Nitriles 89 Jacob, S., A.A. Abdel-Aziz, S.A.
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90 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels Myers, D., T.E. Shoemaker, W.C.
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Aliphatic Nitriles 91 Panov, I.K.
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92 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels ten Berge, W.F., A Zwart, and L.M.
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Aliphatic Nitriles 93 Younger Labs.
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94 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels APPENDIX A CALCULATION OF THE TIME-SCALING EXPONENT "N" Concentration vs Time Analysis Using DoseResp TABLE A-1 Lethality in Rats After Acute Inhalation of Acetonitrile Concentration (ppm) Minutes Exposed Dead 53,000 15 6 0 53,000 30 6 3 25,000 30 3 3 4,000 240 30 3 8,000 240 30 10 32,000 240 30 17 10,100 240 10 0 13,600 240 10 1 19,700 240 10 3 22,200 240 10 8 4,000 240 24 0 8,000 240 24 3 16,000 240 24 9 32,000 240 24 24 1,000 480 24 0 2,000 480 24 1 4,000 480 24 2 8,000 480 24 7 16,000 480 24 21 32,000 480 24 24 Selection of trials from number 1 through 20 Transformation of variables Concentration ppm is transformed logaritmically!
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Aliphatic Nitriles 95 Variance B 0 0 = 9.617E+00 Covariance B 0 1 = -6.255E-01 Covariance B 0 2 = -6.557E-01 Variance B 1 1 = 5.042E-02 Covariance B 1 2 = 2.636E-02 Variance B 2 2 = 7.274E-02 The prediction of the model is not sufficient. Use for estimation of the 95% confidence limits.
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96 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels APPENDIX B DERIVATION OF AEGL VALUES FOR SELECTED ALIPHATIC NITRILES Acetonitrile Derivation of AEGL-1 Values Key study: Pozzani, U.C., C.P. Carpenter, P.E.
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Aliphatic Nitriles 97 Calculations: 10-min AEGL-2: 240 ppm ÷ 3 = 80 ppm 30-min AEGL-2: 240 ppm ÷ 3 = 80 ppm 1-h AEGL-2: 150 ppm ÷ 3 = 50 ppm 4-h AEGL-2: 64 ppm ÷ 3 = 21 ppm 8-h AEGL-2: 42 ppm ÷ 3 = 14 ppm Derivation of AEGL-3 Values Key study: Saillenfait, A.M., P Bonnet, J.P.
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98 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels 8-h AEGL-3: C1.6 × 8 h = 7.24 × 105 ppm-h C1.6 = 9.05 × 104 ppm C = 1,253 ppm 1,253 ÷ 30 = 42 ppm Isobutyronitrile Derivation of AEGL-1 Values The data on isobutyronitrile were insufficient for deriving AEGL-1 values. Derivation of AEGL-2 Values In the absence of relevant data to derived AEGL-2 values for isobutyronitrile, AEGL-3 values were dived by 3 to estimate AEGL-2 values.
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Aliphatic Nitriles 99 Uncertainty factors: 10 for interspecies differences 3 for intraspecies variability Calculations: 10-min AEGL-3: Set equal to the 30-min AEGL-3 values of 7.6 ppm 30-min AEGL-3: C3 × 0.5 h = 6.0 × 106 ppm-h C3 = 1.20 × 107 ppm C = 229 ppm 229 ÷ 30 = 7.6 ppm 1-h AEGL-3: C3 × 1 h = 6.0 × 106 ppm-h C3 = 6.00 × 106 ppm C = 182 ppm 182 ÷ 30 = 6.1 ppm 4-h AEGL-3: C3 × 4 h = 6.0 × 106 ppm-h C3 = 1.50 × 106 ppm C = 114 ppm 114 ÷ 30 = 3.8 ppm 8-h AEGL-3: C1 × 8 h = 600 ppm-h C1 = 75 ppm C = 75 ppm 75 ÷ 30 = 2.5 ppm Propionitrile Derivation of AEGL-1 Values The data on propionitrile were insufficient for deriving AEGL-1 values. Derivation of AEGL-2 Values In the absence of relevant data to derived AEGL-2 values for propionitrile, AEGL-3 values were dived by 3 to estimate AEGL-2 values.
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100 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels 4-h AEGL-2: 5.7 ppm ÷ 3 = 1.9 ppm 8-h AEGL-2: 3.8 ppm ÷ 3 = 1.3 ppm Derivation of AEGL-3 Values Key study: Saillenfait, A.M., P Bonnet, J.P.
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Aliphatic Nitriles 101 Chloroacetonitrile Derivation of AEGL-1 Values The data on chloroacetonitrile were insufficient for deriving AEGL-1 values. Derivation of AEGL-2 Values No chemical-specific data were available to derive AEGL-2 values for chloroacetonitrile.
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102 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels Malononitrile Derivation of AEGL-1 Values The data on malononitrile were insufficient for deriving AEGL-1 values. Derivation of AEGL-2 Values No chemical-specific data were available to derive AEGL-2 values for malononitrile.
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Aliphatic Nitriles 103 APPENDIX C ACUTE EXPOSURE GUIDELINE LEVELS FOR SELECTED ACRYLONITRILES Derivation Summary for Acetonitrile AEGL-1 Values for Acetonitrile 10 min 30 min 1h 4h 8h 13 ppm 13 ppm 13 ppm 13 ppm NRa (22 mg/m3)
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104 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels AEGL-3 Values for Acetonitrile 10 min 30 min 1h 4h 8h 240 ppm 240 ppm 150 ppm 64 ppm 42 ppm (400 mg/m3)
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Aliphatic Nitriles 105 Derivation Summary for Isobutyronitrile AEGL-1 Values for Isobutyronitrile The data on isobutyronitrile were insufficient for deriving AEGL-1 values, so no values are recommended. AEGL-2 Values for Isobutyronitrile 10 min 30 min 1h 4h 8h 2.5 ppm 2.5 ppm 2.0 ppm 1.3 ppm 0.83 ppm (7.1 mg/m3)
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106 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels AEGL-3 Values for Isobutyronitrile Continued Time scaling: Cn × t = k, where default values of n = 3 for extrapolation to the 10- and 30-min durations and n = 1 for extrapolation to the 4- and 8-h durations were used to calculate AEGL values that are protective of human health (NRC 2001)
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Aliphatic Nitriles 107 Uncertainty factors/Rationale: Interspecies: 10, default value was applied because no comparable data were identified for similar exposures (repeated inhalation exposure during gestation) in other species.
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108 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels Derivation Summary for Malononitrile AEGL-1 Values for Malononitrile The data on malononitrile are insufficient for deriving AEGL-1 values, so no values are recommended. AEGL-2 Values for Malononitrile 10 min 30 min 1h 4h 8h 1.2 ppm 1.2 ppm 0.77 ppm 0.32 ppm 0.22 ppm (3.3 mg/m3)
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Aliphattic Nitriles 1109 AP PPENDIX D CATEGORY PLOTS P FOR SELECTED S A ALIPHATIC N NITRILES FIGUR RE D-1 Category y plot of toxicity y data and AEGL L values for acetoonitrile. FIGUR RE D-2 Category y plot of toxicity y data and AEGL L values for isobutyronitrile.
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110 TABLE D-1 Data Used in Category Plot for Acetonitrile Source Species Sex No. Exposures ppm Minutes Category Comments AEGL-1 13 10 AEGL AEGL-1 13 30 AEGL AEGL-1 13 60 AEGL AEGL-1 13 240 AEGL AEGL-1 NR 480 AEGL AEGL-2 80 10 AEGL AEGL-2 80 30 AEGL AEGL-2 50 60 AEGL AEGL-2 21 240 AEGL AEGL-2 14 480 AEGL AEGL-3 240 10 AEGL AEGL-3 240 30 AEGL AEGL-3 150 60 AEGL AEGL-3 64 240 AEGL AEGL-3 42 480 AEGL Pozzani et al.
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Willhite 1983 Hamster Female 1 3,800 60 0 No embryo lethality Pozzani et al. 1959 Human Male 1 40 240 1 n = 3, no subjective symptoms, slight chest tightness followed by a cooling sensation in lungs Pozzani et al.
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112 TABLE D-1 Continued Source Species Sex No. Exposures ppm Minutes Category Comments Pozzani et al.
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TABLE D-2 Data Used in Category Plot for Isobutyronitrile Source Species Sex No. Exposures ppm Minutes Category Comments AEGL-1 NR 10 AEGL AEGL-1 NR 30 AEGL AEGL-1 NR 60 AEGL AEGL-1 NR 240 AEGL AEGL-1 NR 480 AEGL AEGL-2 2.5 10 AEGL AEGL-2 2.5 30 AEGL AEGL-2 2.0 60 AEGL AEGL-2 1.3 240 AEGL AEGL-2 0.83 480 AEGL AEGL-3 7.6 10 AEGL AEGL-3 7.6 30 AEGL AEGL-3 6.1 60 AEGL AEGL-3 3.8 240 AEGL AEGL-3 2.5 480 AEGL Katz 1986 Rat Male 1 1,248 60 SL Mortality (1/5)
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114 TABLE D-2 Continued Source Species Sex No. Exposures ppm Minutes Category Comments Eastman Kodak 1986a Rat Male 1 1,200 60 2 "Appreciable" differences noted in expiratory reserve volume, residual volume, dynamic compliance (up to 76% decrease)
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Saillenfait et al. 1993 Rat Female 15 50 360 1 Gestation days 6-20 Saillenfait et al.
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116 Accute Exposure Guideline Levels FIGUR RE D-3 Category y plot of toxicity y data and AEGL L values for proppionitrile. FIGUR RE D-4 Category y plot of AEGL values v for chlorooacetonitrile.
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TABLE D-3 Data Used in Category Plot for Propionitrile Source Species Sex No. Exposures ppm Minutes Category Comments AEGL-1 NR 10 AEGL AEGL-1 NR 30 AEGL AEGL-1 NR 60 AEGL AEGL-1 NR 240 AEGL AEGL-1 NR 480 AEGL AEGL-2 3.7 10 AEGL AEGL-2 3.7 30 AEGL AEGL-2 3.0 60 AEGL AEGL-2 1.9 240 AEGL AEGL-2 1.3 480 AEGL AEGL-3 11 10 AEGL AEGL-3 11 30 AEGL AEGL-3 9.1 60 AEGL AEGL-3 5.7 240 AEGL AEGL-3 3.8 480 AEGL Saillenfait et al.
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118 TABLE D-3 Continued Source Species Sex No. Exposures ppm Minutes Category Comments Younger Labs 1978 Rat Both 1 690 240 2 Salivation, lethargy, weakness, tremors, convulsions Younger Labs 1978 Rat Male 1 1,100 240 SL Mortality (5/10)
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Aliphattic Nitriles 1119 TABLE E D-4 Data Ussed in Category y Plot for Chlooroacetonitrile No. Source Species Sex Exposures ppm M Minutes Categgory Commentts AEGL-1 NR 100 AEGL L AEGL-1 NR 300 AEGL L AEGL-1 NR 600 AEGL L AEGL-1 NR 2440 AEGL L AEGL-1 NR 4880 AEGL L AEGL-2 8.0 100 AEGL L AEGL-2 8.0 300 AEGL L AEGL-2 5.0 600 AEGL L AEGL-2 2.1 2440 AEGL L AEGL-2 1.4 4880 AEGL L AEGL-3 24 100 AEGL L AEGL-3 24 300 AEGL L AEGL-3 15 600 AEGL L AEGL-3 6.4 2440 AEGL L AEGL-3 4.2 4880 AEGL L For cateegory: 0 = no efffect, 1 = discomffort, 2 = disablinng, SL = some leethality, 3 = lethal FIGUR RE D-5 Category y plot of AEGL values v for malonnonitrile.
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120 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels TABLE D-5 Data Used in Category Plot for Malononitrile No. Source Species Sex Exposures ppm Minutes Category Comments AEGL-1 NR 10 AEGL AEGL-1 NR 30 AEGL AEGL-1 NR 60 AEGL AEGL-1 NR 240 AEGL AEGL-1 NR 480 AEGL AEGL-2 1.2 10 AEGL AEGL-2 1.2 30 AEGL AEGL-2 0.77 60 AEGL AEGL-2 0.32 240 AEGL AEGL-2 0.22 480 AEGL AEGL-3 3.7 10 AEGL AEGL-3 3.7 30 AEGL AEGL-3 2.3 60 AEGL AEGL-3 0.98 240 AEGL AEGL-3 0.65 480 AEGL For category: 0 = no effect, 1 = discomfort, 2 = disabling, SL = some lethality, 3 = lethal.
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Key Terms
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