Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals Volume 16 (2014) / Chapter Skim
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7 Tear Gas (CS) 1 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels PREFACE Under the authority of the Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA)
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310 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
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Tear Gas (CS) 311 values were based on human exposure to CS at an average concentration of 0.75 mg/m3 for 60 min (Beswick et al.
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312 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels TABLE 7-1 AEGL Values for Tear Gas Classification 10 min 30 min 1h 4h 8h End Point (Reference) AEGL-1 NRa NRa NRa NRa NRa Insufficient data (nondisabling)
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Tear Gas (CS) 313 CS may be manufactured through carbonyl condensation by combining o-chlorobenzaldehyde and malononitrile (HSDB 2005)
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314 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels 2.
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Tear Gas (CS) 315 TABLE 7-3 Tolerance and Recovery Time in Humans Exposed to Tear Gas Particles (1-60 microns)
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316 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels Groups of 3-6 untrained men without masks were exposed to CS in acetone, and tolerance times were recorded. Times ranged from 53 to >120 sec at 5 mg/m3, 19-43 sec at 12 mg/m3, and up to 5 sec at 442 mg/m3.
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Tear Gas (CS) 317 and were unable to remain in the chamber.
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318 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels secutive half-day sessions (the first, third, and fifth sessions were for control observations and the other two sessions were allocated one each for exposure to ammonia and to CS [the order of exposure changed between the different weeks of the study]
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Tear Gas (CS) 319 tration increasing with time)
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320 TABLE 7-4 Symptoms of Volunteers Exposed to Tear Gas for 60 Minutes Exposure Group (nominal-fold increase in concentration during exposure) Symptoms I (steady)
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Nausea 2 3 1 3 2 11 – Vomiting – – – 1 1 2 Likely due to swallowing large quantity of saliva. (during exposure)
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322 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels TABLE 7-5 Tolerance of Humans Subjects Exposed to Tear Gas for Up to 10 Minutes in Study Evaluating Visual Acuity Concentration (mg/m3) Number of Subjects Exposure Duration (sec)
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Tear Gas (CS) 323 TABLE 7-6 Tolerance of Human Subjects Exposed to Tear Gas in Study Evaluating Respiratory Effects Concentration (mg/m3)
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324 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels and she was released from the hospital. She continued to experience coughing and shortness of breath, and had reduced measurements of forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (68% of predicted)
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Tear Gas (CS) 325 trimester, 11 during the second trimester, and seven during the third trimester (McElhatton et al.
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326 TABLE 7-7 Summary of Selected Human Toxicity Data on Tear Gas Concentration (mg/m3) Tolerance Durationa Notes Reference 94b <60 sec 6 subjects chosen for ability to tolerate CS.
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0.8-1.4 60 minf 5 subjects; all tolerated exposure with same signs as 0.75-mg/m3 group. 0.84-2.3 60 minf 16 subjects; 1 subject vomited after 5 min, left chamber but returned for 0.7-2.0 duration of exposure; 1 subject vomited after 55 min; 14 subjects tolerated 0.63-2.3 60-min exposure with same signs as 0.75-mg/m3 group.
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328 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels 3.
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Tear Gas (CS) 329 day 3 days had considerable edema, but congestion was less prominent.
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330 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels TABLE 7-8 Mortality Data from Studies by McNamara et al.
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Tear Gas (CS) 331 Groups of 18 male albino SPF rats were exposed to pyrotechnicallygenerated CS smoke in a 10-m3 chamber (Colgrave and Creasey 1975)
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332 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels technique. Groups of animals were killed after 1, 10, and 28 or 29 days.
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TABLE 7-9 Summary of Acute Toxicity Data from Studies by Ballantyne and Callaway (1972) in Hamsters and Mice Exposed to Tear Gas Day 1 Day 10 Day 25 or 29 No.
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334 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels In another experiment, Ballantyne and Callaway (1972) exposed groups of 10 rats for 5 to 20 min to CS at an approximate concentration of 4,000 mg/m3, followed by a 14-day observation period.
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Tear Gas (CS) 335 orrhaging, and excess secretions in the bronchioles and intrapulmonary bronchi.
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336 TABLE 7-11 Summary of Mortality Data from Studies by Ballantyne and Swanston (1978) in Different Species Exposed to Tear Gas Mortality Species Average Concentration (mg/m3)
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Rabbit (female)
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338 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels Groups of 19-40 male albino mice were exposed by whole body inhalation to various concentrations of CS aerosol for 15-30 min (see Table 7-11) (Ballantyne and Swanston 1978)
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Tear Gas (CS) 339 Punte et al.
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340 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels Exposure to CS at 480 mg/m3 for 1 h or at 150 mg/m3 for 2 h did not affect the lifespan of the hamsters, and no statistically significant increases in nonneoplastic lesions were found in the exposed groups compared with controls (Marrs et al.
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Tear Gas (CS) 341 reflex approximately 10-20 min after exposure and were almost completely recovered after 1 h (moderate ocular wetness was the only visible effect)
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342 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels and 24 h and 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 14, and 21 days, and gross and microscopic examinations were performed. All animals survived the 5-min exposures.
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Tear Gas (CS) 343 containing 0.5 to 0.75 g of CS was ignited every 30 min in a 10-m3 static chamber to maintain the nominal concentration.
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344 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels TABLE 7-12 Summary of Mortality Data in Different Species Exposed to Tear Gas for 5 Hours per Day for Up to 7 Days Duration Mortality Species Hours/Day No. Days Concentration (mg/m3)
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Tear Gas (CS) 345 was induced in the absence of S9 at a CS concentration of 2.5 μg/mL (McGregor et al.
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346 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels neal injection at 19 or 38 mg/kg or by oral administration at 113 or 226 mg/kg (Wild et al.
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Tear Gas (CS)
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348 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels those of rats, cats, and humans because of the higher concentration of CS tested in rabbits (Paradowski 1979)
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2-chlorobenzoic acid 2-chlorohippuric acid 2-chlorobenzaldehyde sed roly hyd 2-chlorobenzyl acetyl cysteine CS hy 2-chlorobenzyl alcohol dro lys 2-chlorobenzyl glucuronic acid ed malonitrile (cyanide) thiocyanate re du ce d 1-chlorophenyl acetyl glycine 2-chlorobenzyl malononitrile 2-chloro phenyl-2-cayano propionamide 2-chlorophenyl 2-cyanopropionate FIGURE 7-1 Predominant metabolic pathways of tear gas in rats proposed by Leadbeater (1973)
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350 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels Metabolism in rabbits is similar to that in rats. The predominant biotransformation pathway in the blood of rabbits administered high doses of CS by intravenous injection (0.5 LD50 to the LD50)
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Tear Gas (CS)
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352 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels due to the relatively slow generation of cyanide from the malononitrile metabolite)
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Tear Gas (CS) 353 TABLE 7-13 Values of the Exponent n for Tear Gas Species n value 95% Confidence Limits Rat 0.704 0.543–0.865 Mouse 0.701 0.509–0.892 Rabbit 0.658 0.467–0.849 Guinea pig 0.559 0.018–1.099 Dog 0.356 -1.464–0.751 Monkey 0.187 -0.281–0.656 5.
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354 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels developed headache (at 45, 50, and 83 min) , and all four experienced ocular irritation (at 20, 24, 70, and 75 min)
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Tear Gas (CS) 355 TABLE 7-14 AEGL-2 Values for Tear Gas 10 min 30 min 1h 4h 8h 0.083 mg/m3 0.083 mg/m3 0.083 mg/m3 0.083 mg/m3 0.083 mg/m3 These values are supported by the Punte et al.
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356 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels derive AEGL-3 values, because it yielded values that were the most consistent with the available human data. Time scaling was performed using the equation Cn × t = k, where the exponent n ranges from 0.8 to 3.5 (ten Berge et al.
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Tear Gas (CS)
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358 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels ERPG-1 for CS is based on one of 10 individuals reporting a burning or itching sensation at 0.0004 mg/m3 and a calculated EC50 of 0.004 mg/m3. ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to 1 h without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action.
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Tear Gas (CS) 359 malononitrile (CAS Reg.
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360 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels Cucinell, S.A., K.C. Swentzel, P
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Tear Gas (CS) 361 McGregor, D.B., A
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362 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels Punte, C.L., E.J. Owens, and P.J.
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Tear Gas (CS) 363 Geneva, Switzerland [online]
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364 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels APPENDIX A TIME-SCALING CALCULATIONS FOR TEAR GAS The relationship between dose and time for any given chemical is a function of the physical and chemical properties of the substance and the unique toxicologic and pharmacologic properties of the individual substance. Historically, the relationship according to Haber (1924)
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TABLE A-1 Results of ten Berge Program (1% Lethality) LC01 Point Estimate, mg/m3 (95% confidence limits)
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366 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels TABLE A-2 Data in Rats Used in Log Probit Model Date: 02 October 2008 Time: 09:11:09 Sequence No. Concentration (mg/m3)
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Tear Gas (CS) 367 Variance B 0 0 = 5.9402E+00 Covariance B 0 1 = -4.8485E-01 Covariance B 0 2 = -6.7032E-01 Variance B 1 1 = 4.2542E-02 Covariance B 1 2 = 4.9302E-02 Variance B 2 2 = 8.7045E-02 Estimation ratio between regression coefficients of ln(conc)
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368 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels APPENDIX B DERIVATION OF AEGL VALUES FOR TEAR GAS Derivation of AEGL-1 Values AEGL-1 values are not recommended for CS because the effects observed at the lowest tested concentrations exceeded the severity of AEGL-1 effects. Derivation of AEGL-2 Values Key study: Beswick, F.W., P
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Tear Gas (CS) 369 Calculations: 0.75 mg/m3 ÷ 9 = 0.083 mg/m3 (applied to all AEGL durations)
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370 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels 3 for intraspecies variability. Effects from CS are likely caused by a direct chemical effect on the tissues.
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Tear Gas (CS) 371 APPENDIX C ACUTE EXPOSURE GUIDELINE LEVELS FOR TEAR GAS Derivation Summary AEGL-1 VALUES AEGL-1 values are not recommended for CS because the effects observed at the lowest tested concentrations exceeded the severity of AEGL-1 effects.
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372 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels AEGL-2 VALUES Continued Data adequacy: AEGL-2 values are supported by the data of Punte et al.
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Tear Gas (CS) 373 of "normal" volunteers when exposed at a highly irritating concentration of CS for short durations.
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374 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels APPENDIX D CATEGORY PLOT FOR TEAR GAS FIGURE D-1 Category plot of toxicity data and AEGL values for tear gas.
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TABLE D-1 Data Used in the Category Plot for Tear Gas Source Species Sex No. Exposures mg/m3 Minutes Category Comments AEGL-1 NR 10 AEGL AEGL-1 NR 30 AEGL AEGL-1 NR 60 AEGL AEGL-1 NR 240 AEGL AEGL-1 NR 480 AEGL AEGL-2 0.083 10 AEGL AEGL-2 0.083 30 AEGL AEGL-2 0.083 60 AEGL AEGL-2 0.083 240 AEGL AEGL-2 0.083 480 AEGL AEGL-3 140 10 AEGL AEGL-3 29 30 AEGL AEGL-3 11 60 AEGL AEGL-3 1.5 240 AEGL AEGL-3 1.5 480 AEGL Ballantyne and Calloway 1972 Guinea pig 1 45 300 2 Sneezing Ballantyne and Calloway 1972 Guinea pig 1 3,950 5 SL Mortality: 1/5 Ballantyne and Calloway 1972 Guinea pig 1 4,150 15 SL Mortality: 3/5 Ballantyne and Calloway 1972 Guinea pig 1 4,250 10 3 Mortality: 5/5 Ballantyne and Calloway 1972 Guinea pig 1 4,330 10 SL Mortality: 3/5 Ballantyne and Calloway 1972 Guinea pig 1 4,760 5 2 Mortality: 0/5 Ballantyne and Calloway 1972 Guinea pig 1 5,167 15 3 Mortality: 5/5 (Continued)
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376 TABLE D-1 Continued Source Species Sex No. Exposures mg/m3 Minutes Category Comments Ballantyne and Calloway 1972 Mouse 1 40 300 2 Rhinorrhea and lacrimation Ballantyne and Calloway 1972 Mouse 1 3,950 5 SL Mortality: 1/10 Ballantyne and Calloway 1972 Mouse 1 4,150 15 SL Mortality: 3/10 Ballantyne and Calloway 1972 Mouse 1 4,250 10 2 Mortality: 0/10 Ballantyne and Calloway 1972 Mouse 1 4,330 10 SL Mortality: 4/10 Ballantyne and Calloway 1972 Mouse 1 4,760 5 2 Mortality: 0/10 Ballantyne and Calloway 1972 Mouse 1 5,167 15 SL Mortality: 3/10 Ballantyne and Calloway 1972 Rabbit 1 3,950 5 2 Mortality: 0/5 Ballantyne and Calloway 1972 Rabbit 1 4,150 15 SL Mortality: 2/5 Ballantyne and Calloway 1972 Rabbit 1 4,250 10 2 Mortality: 0/5 Ballantyne and Calloway 1972 Rabbit 1 4,330 10 SL Mortality: 2/5 Ballantyne and Calloway 1972 Rabbit 1 4,760 5 2 Mortality: 0/5 Ballantyne and Calloway 1972 Rabbit 1 5,167 15 SL Mortality: 2/5 Ballantyne and Calloway 1972 Rat 1 37 300 SL Rhinorrhea, lacrimation, and mortality (1/10)
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Beswick et al. 1972 Human 1 0.31 60 2 Ocular, nasal, throat irritation; nausea, chest discomfort, headaches Beswick et al.
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378 TABLE D-1 Continued Source Species Sex No. Exposures mg/m3 Minutes Category Comments McNamara et al.
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McNamara et al. 1969 Mouse 1 1,100 20 SL Mortality: 7/20 McNamara et al.
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380 TABLE D-1 Continued Source Species Sex No. Exposures mg/m3 Minutes Category Comments Striker et al.
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