Building Capacity to Reduce Bullying Workshop Summary (2014) / Chapter Skim
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3 Targets of Bullying and Bullying Behavior
3 Targets of Bullying and Bullying Behavior
Pages 19-32
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From page 19... ...
• Bullying has been associated with direct and indirect exposure to family violence and with sexual harassment and teen dating violence during adolescence. (Espelage)
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From page 20... ...
But when the effectiveness of interventions is examined, the focus is on prevalence and related factors, such as improvements in school climate. These outcomes are undoubtedly important, but Juvonen said that she was unable to find, in preparing for the workshop, even one study that examined whether anti-bullying efforts help alleviate the emotional pain and the health consequences for the most vulnerable -- those who experience bullying repeatedly.
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From page 21... ...
Recent evidence suggests that those who are in the numerical minority perceive this kind of peer mistreatment as reflecting prejudice on the part of their peers and do not blame themselves in the same way that those who belong to the numerical majority, Juvonen said. To further understand the role of characterological self-blame, Juvonen and her colleagues have more recently examined its potential role in prolonging bullying.
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From page 22... ...
Youth are not socially isolated unless other people ignore or exclude them, she said, which is why a school environment that fosters connectedness is critically important. ASSOCIATIONS AMONG BULLYING, SEXUAL HARASSMENT, AND DATING VIOLENCE Bullying is not an isolated behavior, observed Dorothy Espelage, Edward William Gutgsell and Jane Marr Gutgsell Endowed Professor in the Department of Educational Psychology at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
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From page 23... ...
In addition, sexual harassment, unwanted sexual commentary, and unwanted touching predicted teen dating violence, including verbal, physical, and sexual coercion. This research is predicated on a social–ecological model and a social– interactional learning model in which family violence serves as an important context for understanding the relations among bullying perpetration, sexual harassment perpetration, and teen dating violence, Espelage explained.
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From page 24... ...
In particular, Espelage pointed to exposure to family violence and teen-dating violence victimization and perpetration. Such research could evaluate the changing influence of key socializing agents across early to late adolescence and examine the antecedents, correlates, and sequelae of bullying, sexual harassment, and teen dating violence, she said.
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From page 25... ...
Although boys and girls have roughly equal rates of aggression, both boys and girls target girls more often than they target boys, which results in girls being disproportionately targeted, Faris said. 1 Instrumental aggression refers to purposive aggression intended to achieve some goal, particularly higher social status.
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From page 26... ...
5 4.6 4 Rates of Agression 3 2 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.8 1 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.4 0 te AA te AA e e e e ro Q Q ro al al al al hi BT BT hi te te m M m M → → W W He He LG LG Fe e→ Fe e→ AA te → → → → hi e→ e→ → → AA te al al W ro Q hi Q ro M m BT al al te W BT te Fe m M He LG He Fe LG FIGURE 3-1 Aggression rates are higher within race, gender, and sexual orientation categories than across categories. NOTE: AA = African American; LGBTQ = lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or questioning.
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From page 27... ...
The data suggest that victims of bullying do lose status. In addition, using yearbook data to provide additional measures of social status, Faris and his colleagues found that aggressive behavior predicted a significant increase in social status by the end of high school, but it depended partly on whom was targeted (Faris, 2012)
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From page 28... ...
"I can't think of something that confers such a strong risk," Vaillancourt said. This "is a really powerful finding." Neurophysiological Evidence People who have experienced bullying often use physical pain metaphors to describe the social pain they feel.
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"Physical pain is short-lived, whereas social pain can last a lifetime," Vaillancourt said. "Think about when you were in grade six and you were excluded or ostracized.
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From page 30... ...
These changes could alter a person's develop ental m or health trajectory through epigenetic mechanisms and explain, for exam ple, why one sister develops breast cancer while her twin sister does not, Vaillancourt said. Changing Health Trajectories Understanding the biological underpinnings of how peer relations affect emotional and physical health can help legitimize the plight of peer-abused children and youth, Vaillancourt concluded.
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From page 31... ...
Espelage said that her longitudinal study found that not only was bully ing perpetration predicted by family violence but also bully perpetration and victimization were associated with the later onset of alcohol and drug use in the victims (Espelage et al., 2013; Rao et al., in press)
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From page 32... ...
For example, Espelage pointed out that a better approach than universal programs for sexual violence and rape prevention might be to identify students who have the greatest social capital and train them to be attitude changers, drawing on what is known from industrial and organizational psychology. Bystander intervention programs have been shown to produce large effect sizes in promoting positive bystander behaviors (Polanin et al., 2012)
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