Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals Volume 17 (2014) / Chapter Skim
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3 Cyanogen Acute Exposure Guideline Levels
3 Cyanogen Acute Exposure Guideline Levels
Pages 160-189
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From page 160... ...
Both the document and the AEGL values were then reviewed by the National Research Council (NRC) Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels.
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Time scaling of this threshold would not be appropriate, because the critical effects (ocular and nasal irritation) are a function of direct contact with the cyanogen vapors and not likely to increase with duration of exposure (NRC 2001)
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Rats repeatedly exposed to cyanogen at 25 ppm for 6 h/day, 5 days/week for up to 6 months, experienced only decreased body weight, and monkeys similarly exposed showed only marginal behavioral effects Lewis et al.
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. Rats exposed to cyanogen at 25 ppm for 6 h/day, 5 days/week for up to 6 months, experienced only decreased body weight, and monkeys similarly exposed showed only marginal behavioral effects.
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In the first test, four men and three women were exposed to cyanogen at 8 ppm for 6 min; none of the subjects detected an odor, and no ocular or nasal irritation was reported by the subjects. In the second test, three men and two women were exposed at 16 ppm for 6 min; none of the subjects detected an odor, all subjects reported ocular irritation, and four subjects reported nasal irritation (the subject who did not experiencing nasal irritation had mild cold symptoms)
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TABLE 3-3 Effects of Acute Cyanogen Exposure in Humansa Number per Group Experiencing Effects Concentration Duration Odor Ocular Irritation Nasal Irritation 8 ppm 6 min 0/7 0/7 0/7 16 ppm 6 min 0/5 5/5 4/5b 16 ppm 8 min 0/7 7/7 7/7 a Adapted from McNerney and Schrenk 1960. b The subject without irritation had mild cold symptoms.
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Observations during exposure included (in chronologic order) blinking, rubbing of forepaws over eyes and nose, huddling together with inactivity, slow gasping, tearing, yellow fluid from the nose and mouth, restlessness and "panic-type" movements, accentuated and poorly coordinated movements, bright pink coloration of the skin, labored breathing, deep and frequent gasping, tremors, sluggishness, prostration, shallow breathing, and death.
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3.1.5. Summary of Animal Lethality Data Well-described animal lethality data are restricted to studies in rats.
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168 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels period, the mean body weights of rats in the control, 11 ppm, and 25 ppm groups were 543 g, 589 g, and 470 g, respectively. The decrease in the 25-ppm group compared with controls was statistically significant (p < 0.05)
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Repeated-exposure experiments in both rats and monkeys suggest that exposure to cyanogen at 11 ppm for up to 6 months yielded no adverse treatment-related effects. Decreased body weight was noted in rats and marginal-transitory behavioral effects were noted in monkeys exposed to cyanogen at 25 ppm for up to 6 months.
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The ocular irritation was perceived simultaneously with or slightly before the occurrence of nasal irritation (McNerney and Schrenk 1960)
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, and none of six rats exposed to cyanogen died when exposed at 500 ppm and six of six rats died when exposed at 1,000 ppm (McNerney and Schrenk, 1960)
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DATA ANALYSIS FOR AEGL-1 5.1. Human Data Relevant to AEGL-1 Immediate ocular and nasal irritation was found in humans exposed to cyanogen at 16 ppm for 6 or 8 min.
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7.2. Animal Data Relevant to AEGL-3 Animal lethality data are available for rats exposed to a total of six concentrations of cyanogen for six exposure durations (McNerney and Schrenk 1960)
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Rats repeatedly exposed at 25 ppm for 6 h/day, 5 days/week for up to 6 months, experienced only decreased body weight, and monkeys similarly exposed showed only marginal behavioral effects [Lewis et al.
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. Rats repeatedly exposed to cyanogen at 25 ppm for 6 h/day, 5 days/week for up to 6 months, experienced only decreased body weight, and monkeys similarly exposed showed only marginal behavioral effects.
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c a TLV-TWA (threshold limit value – time-weighted average, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists)
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2001. Standing Operating Procedures for Developing Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Chemicals.
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1986. Odor thresholds and irritation levels of several chemical substances: A review.
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Thus, the threshold for irritation would be 2.7 ppm. Time scaling of that concentration would not be appropriate, because the critical effect (ocular and nasal irritation)
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Rats repeatedly exposed at 25 ppm for 6 h/day, 5 days/week for up to 6 months, experienced only decreased body weight, and monkeys similarly exposed showed only marginal behavioral effects [Lewis et al.
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From page 181... ...
. Rats repeatedly exposed to cyanogen at 25 ppm for 6 h/day, 5 days/week for up to 6 months, experienced only decreased body weight, and monkeys similarly exposed showed only marginal behavioral effects.
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Time scaling of that concentration would not be appropriate, because the critical effects (ocular and nasal irritation) are a function of direct contact with the cyanogen vapors and not likely to increase with duration of exposure (NRC 2001)
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Rats repeatedly exposed at 25 ppm for 6 h/day, 5 days/week for up to 6 months, experienced only decreased body weight, and monkeys similarly exposed showed only marginal behavioral effects [Lewis et al.
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. Rats repeatedly exposed to cyanogen at 25 ppm for 6 h/day, 5 days/week for up to 6 months, experienced only decreased body weight, and monkeys similarly exposed showed only marginal behavioral effects.
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Cyanogen 185 APPENDIX C CATEGORY PLOT FOR CYANOGEN Chemical Toxicity - TSD All Data Cyanogen 100000 Human - No Effect Human - Discomfort 10000 Human - Disabling Animal - No Effect 1000 ppm Animal - Discomfort 100 Animal - Disabling AEGL-3 Animal - Partially Lethal 10 AEGL-2 Animal - Lethal AEGL-1 AEGL 1 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 Minutes FIGURE C-1 Category plot of toxicity data and AEGL values for cyanogen.
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186 TABLE C-1 Data Used in the Category Plot for Cyanogen Source Species Sex No. Exposures ppm Minutes Category Comments AEGL-1 2.5 10 AEGL AEGL-1 2.5 30 AEGL AEGL-1 2.0 60 AEGL AEGL-1 1.3 240 AEGL AEGL-1 1.0 480 AEGL AEGL-2 50 10 AEGL AEGL-2 17 30 AEGL AEGL-2 8.3 60 AEGL AEGL-2 4.3 240 AEGL AEGL-2 4.3 480 AEGL AEGL-3 150 10 AEGL AEGL-3 50 30 AEGL AEGL-3 25 60 AEGL AEGL-3 13 240 AEGL AEGL-3 13 480 AEGL Rat 1 4,000 7.5 PL Rat 1 4,000 15 3 Rat 1 2,000 7.5 2 Rat 1 2,000 15 3 Rat 1 1,000 15 2
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Rat 1 1,000 30 3 Rat 1 500 30 2 Rat 1 500 45 2 Rat 1 400 45 2 Rat 1 400 60 3 Rat 1 250 120 PL Mouse 1 2,600 12 3 Assumes all dead/worst case scenario. Mouse 1 15,000 108 3 Assumes all dead/worst case scenario.
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1950. Thiocyanate effect following industrial cyanide exposure - report of two cases.
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Additional monitoring studies support the values. COMPARISON OF AEGL VALUES FOR CYANOGEN AND HYDROGEN CYANIDE Exposure Duration Guideline 10 min 30 min 1h 4h 8h AEGL-1 Cyanogen 2.5 ppm 2.5 ppm 2.0 ppm 1.3 ppm 1.0 ppm Hydrogen cyanide 2.5 ppm 2.5 ppm 2.0 ppm 1.3 ppm 1.0 ppm AEGL-2 Cyanogen 50 ppm 17 ppm 8.3 ppm 4.3 ppm 4.3 ppm Hydrogen cyanide 17 ppm 10 ppm 7.1 ppm 3.5 ppm 2.5 ppm AEGL-3 Cyanogen 150 ppm 50 ppm 25 ppm 13 ppm 13 ppm Hydrogen cyanide 27 ppm 21 ppm 15 ppm 8.6 ppm 6.6 ppm
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