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7 United States
Pages 235-272

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From page 235...
... In a field in which materials science is u ­ nusually important, North America has world-class companies with competencies, equipment, process technologies, and intellectual property relevant to flexible and printed electronics, and a number of them are engaged in significant pre­ ompetitive research and development (R&D)
From page 236...
... Armed Services have been in the forefront of support for development of flexible electronics in the United States. The Army Research Laboratory and other U.S.
From page 237...
... defense-related display research, research leadership by the services was resumed.4 At that point the Army, seeking to improve and modernize its capabilities pursuant to the Future Combat Systems (FCS) and other similar programs, began to undertake significant developmental investments in flexible displays, most notably the establishment of the Flexible Display Center at Arizona State University.5 Dr.
From page 238...
... In 2013 the AFRL awarded a contract to Optemec, a spinoff from Sandia National Laboratory, to enhance its "Aerosol Jet" technology to enable large area printing of high-performance, carbon nanotube–based, thin-film transistors. "Air Force Research Lab Awards Optemec Contract to Advance Fully Printed Transistor Technology," Printed Electronics Now, December 12, 2013; "Optemec wins Contract to Advance Fully Printed Transistor Technology," Flexible Substrate, December 2013.
From page 239...
... "Northeast Ohio's Flex Matters Cluster Attracts $14 Million in 2010," Printed Electronics World, February 11, 2011. 14  Nadine Gergel-Hackett et al., "A Flexible Solution-Processed Memristor, IEEE Electron Device Letters, July 2009.
From page 240...
... Depending on the precise definition of "flexible electronics," NSF supports about 200 research projects in the field, usually small, single-investigator efforts, which include thematic areas such as transistors, zinc oxide, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) , and printed electronics.16 Each of these projects is funded at a level of about $300,000 over a 3-year period.
From page 241...
... Federal SBIR awards are frequently augmented by state funding, and a number of states administer programs 20  "NorTech Wins U.S. Small Business Administration Contract to Grow Flexible Electronics Cluster," Flexible Substrate, February 2013.
From page 242...
... 24  "NREL and Solarmer Energy to Extend Lifetime of Plastic Solar Cells," Printed Electronics World, July 5, 2010. 25  "NREL Uses Corning's Flexible Willow Glass to Develop Cheap, Efficient Solar Cells," Flexible Substrate, October 2013.
From page 243...
... Theme 2013 DoE Universal Display 250 Energy saving phosphorescent OLED lighting 2013 DOE Plextronics 221 Printed electrodes for OLEDs 2013 NIH Applied Nanotech 175 Sensors for detecting bedsores 2012 USSOCOM eMargin 1,120 Optimize OLED microdisplay for mass production 2012 DOE Universal Display 150 Outcoupling solution for OLED lighting 2012 Air Force Ascent Solar 750 Demonstrate PV product using CIGS technology 2012 Army Applied Nanotech 730 Thermal management for portable energy systems 2011 DOE Universal Display 1,000 Thermal management -- phosphorescent OLEDs 2010 DOE Universal Display 100 Enhance performance -- white PHOLED devices 2010 DOE Universal Display 500 Protective barrier for flexible OLED displays, lighting 2010 DOE Applied Nanotech 1,600 Pilot line for conductive inks 2010 Army Applied Nanotech 100 Develop anode for lithium battery with novel material 2009 Army Universal Display 334 Prototype flexible displays on metal foil 2009 DOE Universal Display 200 Demonstrate white PHOLED technology 2009 Army Nano Dynamics 733 Fabrication of nanomaterials for infrared obscurants 2009 Air Force Universal Display 750 Flexible OLED displays SOURCE: Printed Electronics NOW, May 2, July 4, 2013; February 6, November 5, December 5, 2012; October 13, 2011; February 18, April 10, June 23, September 16, 2010; January 15, June 30, October 7 and 22, 2009. a leading source of x-ray and ultraviolet light beams for research, recently discovered that impure domains in polymer PV cells can improve the performance of the cells if reduced sufficiently in size, with an efficiency gain of 42 percent.
From page 244...
... Ron Off, ORNL, in "Oak Ridge National Laboratory Announces Granting of Exclusive ­ olar and S Printed Electronics License to Novacentrix," Novacentrix Press Release, November 13, 2008. 31  "ORNL Develops Carbon Nanotube Conductive Coatings for Flexible Electronics," Flexible Substrate, September 2011.
From page 245...
... Special Operations Command.37 The FlexTech Alliance has sponsored more than 150 technical projects in flexible electronics. One of the most noteworthy of these efforts was the award of a grant to Corning to develop commercially viable techniques for continuous printed electronics manufacturing on glass substrates, an initiative that led to the creation of Corning Willow Glass, a flexible glass substrate with electronics applications.38 Another FlexTech grant assisted Polyera Corporation in the development of high-performance solution-processable organic semiconductors for printed thin-film transistor devices.39 In 2013 a FlexTech-sponsored project involving Physical Optics Corporation and E Ink developed a medical triage bandage 34  Jay Stowsky, "Secrets to Shield or Share?
From page 246...
... Special Opera tions Command to design, develop, and fabricate scatterable media cards based on printed and flexible electronics technologies capable of deliv ering a 30-second audio message that could replicate the paper flyers currently mass-distributed by SOCOM forces.42 The FlexTech Alliance's solicitation for 2014 R&D projects is backed by $3.5 million in new funds from the ARL for development of cutting-edge tools, materials, and processes associated with specific types of flexible and printed electronics.43 There are four themes: • Develop a tool to process electronic components and hybrid integrated circuits (ICs) on 3-D surfaces utilizing 3D-additive manufacturing processes.
From page 247...
... It can be employed to produce OLEDs as well as any other organic electronic device involving precision processing of highpurity organic thin-layer-dependent surfaces. The line enables the FDC to prove and demonstrate that the technologies it develops can be manufactured, as well as 44  "FlexTech Alliance Introduces Wearable and Disposable Electronics User Groups," Flexible Substrate, January 2014.
From page 248...
... North Carolina A&T Acquisition, Logistics and EV Group Penn State University Technology FlexTech Alliance The US Army Research, Henkel Development & Engineering HP Command Honeywell ITO America L-3 Communications Display Systems Plastic Optics Corporation Plextronics Raytheon Universal Display Corporation RTI International SOURCE: . TABLE 7-3  Participating Companies in the Supply Chain Materials Manufacturers System Integrators Equipment Cytec Industries Dpix BAE Systems EVG DuPont Teijin E Ink Boeing Etched in Time, Inc.
From page 249...
... e're trying to design components that Apple Computer, and Samsung, and anybody else will be putting into their products. Then the Army can buy them for the same $12 that those guys do rather than paying $20,000 a display, which is the old paradigm.51 State-Led Initiatives -- The Northeast Ohio Flexible Electronics Cluster Significant initiatives to support development of flexible electronics are u ­ nder way at the state as well as the federal level.
From page 250...
... The NorTech roadmap also identified advanced and emerging competencies of FlexMatters member organizations, including the following: Roll-to-roll manufacturing of liquid crystal devices: Several northeast Ohio companies with core competencies both in liquid crystal films and R2R manufacturing are developing and commercializing liquid crystal devices for the consumer, defense, and commercial markets. Roll-to-roll manufacturing of functional films: Northeast Ohio is home to a network of companies and researchers that specialize in functional films and additives, as well as the National Polymer Innovation Center (NPIC)
From page 251...
... in partnership with the University of Dayton and The Ohio State University and 85 companies. Supported by the Ohio Third Frontier program, NPIC is a cooperative research center that works with regional companies to develop flexible electronics technologies.
From page 252...
... 56  Bahman Taheri, "Manufacturing of Curved Liquid Crystal Devices," in National Research Council, Building the Ohio Innovation Economy, 125. 57  Albert Green, "Roll-to-Roll Manufacturing of Flexible Displays," in National Research Council, Building the Ohio Innovation Economy: Summary of a Symposium (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
From page 253...
... The company has also developed Reflex LCD Electronic Skins, which are ultra-thin, durable, single-pixel displays that can be cut to custom shape and conformed to a personal electronic device, with no power required from the host device to retain a displayed color image virtually indefinitely.58 Kent Displays acknowledges the important role played in its growth by financial support from the Ohio Third Frontier program.59 Alpha Micron was founded by faculty members from Kent State University's Liquid Crystal Display Institute. The company received early-stage financing 58  Interview with Kent Displays, Kent, Ohio, June 4, 2013; Albert Green, Kent Displays, "Roll-toRoll Manufacturing of Flexible Displays," in National Research Council, Building the Ohio Innovation Economy, 122–124.
From page 254...
... It provides c ­ ustom polymer development for many uses including high-performance aerospace applications, flexible displays, and organic photovoltaics. Leadership: NorTech collaborated with a core group of universities and companies to organize FlexMatters into a recognizable, place-based, emerging industry that attracts organizational members, public and private investors, and 60  Interview with Alpha Micron, Kent, Ohio, June 4, 2013; Bahman Taheri, "Manufacturing of Curved Liquid Crystal Devices," in National Research Council, Building the Ohio Innovation Economy, 124–125.
From page 255...
... "Universities of Illinois and Central Florida Develop Way to Make Solar Cells Thin, Efficient and Flexible," "Stanford and UNL Engineers Make World's Fastest Organic Transistor," Flexible Substrate, January 2014. 65  "IDTech Ex Names Top Printed Electronics Developments of 2013," Flexible Substrate, Decem ber 2013; "Printing Batteries," MIT Technology Review, November 25, 2013.
From page 256...
... Cal Berkeley Imprint Energy Flexible batteries U Illinois MC10 Stretchable electronics UCLA Aneeve Nanotechnologies Printed electronics using carbon nanotubes MIT Cambrios Silver nanowires for touch screens Kent State Kent Displays Flexible displays for consumer applications Kent State Alpha Micron Transmissive LCD systems U
From page 257...
... Illinois Compound semiconductor nanowires grown on graphene sheet; stick-on electronic patches for health monitoring Ohio State 1-atom thick germanium sheets for electronics U Michigan Stretchable conductors utilizing gold nanoparticles; organic vapor jet printing enabling precise patterning of organic electronic devices Purdue Hybrid silver-graphene electrode for applications in flexible displays Northwestern Graphene-based conductive ink for flexible electronic applications Stanford Wearable, skin-like flexible heart monitor U
From page 258...
... 70 Research centers. Several universities have full-scale research centers devoted to flexible electronics–related topics such as R2R and printed electronics manufacturing.
From page 259...
... The Sonoco Packaging Institute was established at Clemson University in 2009 to develop packaging design technology, a mission that is attending to the development of printed electronics packaging with applications such as smart packaging and the interaction 73  "A Look at Printed Electronics: Printed Electronics Now Interview with Dr. Bernard Kippelen," Printed Electronics Now, July, 2011.
From page 260...
... HP is the world's largest PC maker and produces a broad range of information technology equipment, software, and services. Most of HP's information products incorporate displays, and for a number of years the company's central R&D division, the Information Surfaces Lab, has been pursuing device and process technologies to facilitate the replacement of glass-based displays with plastic displays, including bendable variants that can be produced with R2R processes.81 HP has collaborated with the ASU Flexible Display Center in the development of e-paper and plastic displays, although in 2010 the company indicated that 78  In 2008, Printed Electronics Now reported that "at Clemson University, in Clemson, SC, USA, researchers from several different departments have been at work developing conductive polymer ink systems, work that has resulted in the filing of US patents.
From page 261...
... in Preparation for Roll-to-Roll Manufac turing," Flexible Substrate, November 2013. 85  UDC Form 10-K, February 27, 2013, 3–6.
From page 262...
... 93  "Advances in Conductive Inks," Flexible Substrate, August 2013. 94  "DuPont Microcircuit Materials Expands Printed Electronics Research with Holst Centre Col laboration," Holst Centre Press Release, February 16, 2011.
From page 263...
... Using a research grant from the FlexTech Alliance, Corning recently collaborated with other organizations to demonstrate the compatibility of flexible glass with R2R production techniques and the printing of organic photovoltaic devices.97 The U.S. government's National Renewable Energy Laboratory has reportedly built flexible solar cells out of Willow Glass that are sufficiently durable to eventually replace roofing shingles.98 In addition to the development of glass with flexible electronics applications, Corning is pursuing other relevant research themes, such as the use of high-performance graphene field effect transistors on flexible substrates.99 95  "Role of Solution Processing in the Future of OLED TVs," Flexible Substrate, February 2013.
From page 264...
... 101  "PARC Launches Printed Battery Project," Flexible Substrate, August 2013.
From page 265...
... 108  "Xenon Launches Worldwide PE Test Center Network to Help Drive Commercialization of Printed Electronics Industry," Printed Electronics Now, May 1, 2012.
From page 266...
... "Printed Electronics USA 2012 Awards Recognize New Devel­ opments," Flexible Substrate, January 2013; "Cambrios Partners with Novaled to Produce OLED Lighting Tile with New Highly Transparent Electrodes," Flexible Substrate, May 2013. 111  "United States: Defense Money Goes to Idaho Projects," TendersInfo, December 18, 2009.
From page 267...
... Soligie was established in 2005 as a wholly owned subsidiary of Taylor Corp., a holding company with about 100 subsidiaries operating in niche markets in printing and media.117 The company serves clients developing flexible electronics products with medical, security and logistics, and military applications.118 In 2010 Soligie entered into an agreement with PARC to co-develop printed electronics products for the RFID, smart packaging, medical, and flexible interconnect markets.119 In 2011 it introduced a sheetfed, flatbed screen printing line to accommodate clients with low-to-medium manufacturing volume needs.120 In 2013 Soligie received two awards from the FlexTech Alliance to advance printed electronics manufacturing R&D and to establish project demonstrators in 2014.121 114  "Seoul National University Develops Bandage that Senses Tremors and Delivers Drugs," Flexible Substrate, April 2014. 115  "Flexible Materials and Devices for Advanced Power," Flexible Substrate, May 2013.
From page 268...
... 124  "3M Announces Commercial Availability of FTB3 Barrier Film," Flexible Substrate, June 2012. 125  "Collaboration Produces Flexible Silver Nanowire Film for Touch Screens," Printed Electronics World, December 20, 2013.
From page 269...
... 131  "Kateeva Introduces YIELDjet," Printed Electronics Now, November 27, 2013; "Kateeva Launches New Inkjet Print Tool to Bring Flexible OLEDs to Market," Flexible Substrate, December 2003. 132  "Kateeva Expands Operations in Korea," Printed Electronics Now, January 20, 2014.
From page 270...
... ; and private venture capital firms.138 Plextronics won a 3-year A contract from the Army in 2007 to develop electronic maps and other devices for soldiers.139 Between 2002 and 2007 it raised $37 million in equity capital.140 Plextronics' initial plan was to develop solar ink cells with photovoltaic applications, but as the price of competing silicon-based technologies fell, Plextronics transferred much of its activity to developing inks for OLED displays including flexible displays. But "Plextronics may have been too cutting edge for its own 134  "IBM Demos High-Performance CMOS on Flexible Plastic Substrates," Flexible Substrate, November 2012.
From page 271...
... The company's proprietary Pulse Forge tools permit the application of thin films and functional inks at high temperatures on substrates without heating the latter, which are often sensitive to temperature extremes.142 Novacentrix also produces silver and aluminum nanopowders and conductive inks and provides contract functional print manufacturing ­ ervices.143 In s 2011 Novacentrix entered into a collaboration with DuPont Micro­ ircuit ­ aterials c M pursuant to which DuPont would use Pulse Forge tools to develop mate­ials and r processing technology for printed electronics.144 In 2013, ­ ovacentrix established N a long-term collaboration with the German Muhlbauer group to commercialize new RFID antenna manufacturing technology.145 141  "Local Tech Darling Files for Chapter 11," Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, January 26, 2014. 142  The process "photonic curing" uses pulsed light from a flashlamp to heat films and inks in milliseconds, enabling their imprint on a substrate.


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