The Flexible Electronics Opportunity (2014) / Chapter Skim
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5 European Initiatives
5 European Initiatives
Pages 97-160
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From page 97... ...
The European e ffort has been under way since the late 1990s and has given rise to a number of fledgling organic electronics innovation clusters across the European continent. The uropean effort is characterized by an extremely broad range of research E projects sponsored at the EU level, reinforced by very substantial national and regional efforts in the United Kingdom (UK)
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From page 98... ...
5 "Graphene Flagship Sets Sail at Chalmers University of Technology," Printed Electronics Now, October 11, 2013; EU Commission, Networking the European Research Area: Coordination of National Programmes, |
From page 99... ...
the EU r eportedly financed research and development (R&D) projects in the field of OLAE at a level of more than €120 million.7 Europe's leading firms and public research organizations in the sector typically participate in multiple Seventh Framework consortia focusing on flexible electronics themes.
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From page 100... ...
A number of Seventh Framework–funded projects are designed to promote European development of "organic large area electronics," a term that is largely synonymous with "flexible electronics." The Community Research and Development Information Service (CORDIS) , which is the European Commission's information service, states the goal of the EU's OLAE projects is as follows: Our mission is to contribute to Europe's leading position in this disruptive tech nology through the support of R&D activities, crucial for the development and progress in organic and large area electronics.
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From page 101... ...
In early 2013, the Holst Centre, a Netherlands-based, government-supported research institute, was designated the project director of an EU Seventh Framework project, "Flex-o-Fab," a 3-year effort to demonstrate a reliable manufacturing process for OLED lighting foils. The €11.2 million project is intended to enable market introduction of the manufacturing process within 3 years of the 11 "TheEU Launches a €18 Million Organic Large Area Electronics Funding Competition," OLEDInfo.com, September 25, 2011; "ERA-NET Plus to Hold European Competition for Collaborative R&D Funding for Plastic Electronics," Flexible Substrate, September 2011.
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From page 102... ...
competition." 14 12 "European Project Develops Flexible OLED Lighting Production Process," Plastic Electronics, February 8, 2013. EU funding will cover €7.1 million of the project cost.
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From page 103... ...
HIFLEX Development of indium-free OPV 2010-2013 5.0 3.7 module for R2R processing X10D Development of tandem organic 2011-2014 11.9 8.6 solar cells with conversion efficiency of 12% DEFOTEX Development of textile solar cells 2008-2011 4.2 3.1 for flexible photovoltaic fabrics THIME Thin-film measurements on OPV 2012-2014 1.5 1.1 layers for plastic, paper, and textile substrates ESTABLIS Ensuring stability in organic solar 2012-2015 3.9 3.9 cells for strong, flexible, low-cost application R2R-CIGS CIGS (copper gallium selenide) 2012-2015 9.6 7.0 deposition on flexible polymer films for manufacturing of flexible CIGS PV modules LARGE CELLS Development of large area thin- 2010-2014 2.2 1.6 film solar cells based on polymers SOURCE: CORDIS.
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From page 104... ...
CONTEST Training in electronic skin 2012-2016 3.8 3.8 technology OLATRONICS Integration of processes for 2008-2011 6.2 3.8 producing OLAE MOMA Embedded organic memory 2010-2012 4.7 3.0 arrays LOTUS Low-cost highly conductive 2010-2012 5.5 3.7 structures for flexible large area electronics APOSTILLE Reinforcement of research 2010-2013 1.2 1.1 potential in nano and organic/flexible/printed electronics MOWSES Nanoelectronics based 2013-2017 3.7 3.7 on 2-dimensional dichalconentides for flexible electronics PASTA Integration of electronics and 2010-2014 8.9 6.5 textiles CLEAN4YIELD Nanoscale detection and 2012-2015 7.1 10.6 inspection techniques INTERFLEX Interconnection systems for 2010-2013 5.3 3.5 flexible foil systems with electronic components PLASTRONICSPEC Automated inspection system 2011-2013 1.4 1.1 for printed electronics ORICLA RFID tags made at low 2010-2012 3.0 temperatures on thin films SOURCE: CORDIS, |
From page 105... ...
was a 2008-2010 EU project to integrate European manufacturing sys tems for R2R polymer and printed electronics. • Photonics21.
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From page 106... ...
23 In 2008, the government's Economic and Social Research Council sponsored a study of the potential for plastic electronics in the UK that concluded that "the UK is well positioned to become a global leader in the innovative development of high functionality products that incorporate plastic electronics." 24 A "Capability Guide" sponsored by PELG in 2008 demonstrated the existence of an extensive ecoystem of university programs, research organizations, and companies s within the UK capable of supporting the commercialization of plastic electronics technologies.25 If anything, British policy makers' interest in plastic electronics intensified after 2007. The field of plastic electronics was used as a case study in 2008-2009 by the House of Commons Innovation, Universities, Science and Skills Committee eview of engineering in the UK.26 In 2009 the Department for Business r Innovation & Skills released a "UK Strategy for Success" in plastics electronics, developed by an industry-led group that recommended actions to facilitate and coordinate investment, development of demonstrators and other mechanisms to showcase the commercial potential of plastic electronics, and workforce and 18 J.H.
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From page 107... ...
EUROPEAN INITIATIVES 107 TABLE 5-5 Plastic Electronics Competencies -- British Universities Characterization & test Inorganic materials Commercialization Organic materials Equipment Processes Devices University of Bangor, Plastic Electronics Research Centre x x x x University of Birmingham, School of Metallurgy and Materials x x Brunel University, Cleaner Electronics Research Group x x x Brunel University, Centre for Phosphors and Display Materials x x x Brunel University, Organic Electronic Group x x University of Cambridge, Cambridge Integrated Knowledge x x x Centre University of Cambridge, Cavendish Laboratory x x x x University of Cambridge, Electronic Devices and Materials Group x x x x University of Cambridge, Inkjet Research Centre x Cranfield University, Precision Engineering x Durham University, Organic Electroactive Materials x x x University of Hull, Organophotonics x x x Imperial College, Centre for Plastic Electronics x x x x x Loughborough, Innovative Electronics Manufacturing Research x x x x Centre University of Manchester, Organic Materials Innovation Centre x x x METRC, Centre for Nanotechnology x x Nottingham Trent University x x x x University of Oxford, Department of Materials x x x x Queen Mary London, Centre for Condensed Matter & Materials x x x Research University of Sheffield, Biomaterials Science & Tissue x x Engineering Group University of Sheffield, Electronic and Photonic Molecular x x Materials Group University of St. Andrews, Organic Semiconductor Centre x x x University of Strathclyde, Department of Pure and Applied x x Chemistry University of Surrey, Advanced Technology Institute x x x x x continued
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From page 108... ...
, Plastic Electronics: A UK Strategy for uccess -- Realizing the UK Potential, 2009. S 28 Innovate UK website, |
From page 109... ...
In August 2013, Chris Williams, the co-founding Director of the UK Displays and Lighting Knowledge Transfer Network, lamented the British failure to take domestically developed flexible electronics technologies and "put it all together to make an integrated system that is ready for commercial exploitation." He complained with respect to missed opportunities in OLED lighting systems: Once again, the UK Government and its partner agencies show it can mentor the scientific goose, and encourage it to research and develop its golden egg up to the point where it is almost ready to be laid, but then government funding is taken away and focused on newer areas that seem to be sexier and more sound bite worthy. It happened in the past with composite materials, and it is happening now with plastic electronics.31 Government and Public Support Until very recently British Conservative and New Labor governments have demonstrated ambivalence toward "industrial policy," an attitude that has limited the government's financial support for British industry.
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From page 110... ...
In 2009, a Parliamentary committee reported that the EPSRC was spending about £68 million per year on research, training, and knowledge transfer activities of "direct relevance to the area of plastic electronics."36 The EPSRC operates and supports a network of "Centres for Innovative Manufacturing" run by universities. EPSRC funding supports research projects and several of the UK's Plastic Electronics Centres of Excellence (PECOEs)
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From page 111... ...
Until their abolition in 2012, a number of RDAs provided funding and other support to the development of printed and plastic electronics. One North East, Yorkshire Forward, and the Welsh Assembly government were particularly supportive of the sector.37 The three northern RDAs jointly funded the Northern Way Innovation Programme, which provided £6.2 million in funding to plastic electronics in 2008-2011.
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From page 112... ...
is a volunteer group representing the UK plastic electronics community. Its members include representatives of the TSB, BIS, the EPSRC, the PECOEs, the Electronics, Sensors and Photonics KTN, universities, and companies such as Plastic Logic, 3M, Thorn Lighting, Cambridge Display Technology, and Hewlett-Packard (chair)
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From page 113... ...
The Centre for Process Innovation (CPI) is an independent nonprofit applied research organization located in northeast England conducting research in the fields of advanced manufacturing, printed electronics, industrial biotechnology, and high temperatures.
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From page 114... ...
contributed an additional £3.8 million for capital investment and the TSB provided £2.1 million for equipment.50 PETEC was intended to function as an incubator in which experimental printed electronics processes were transformed into manufacturable products, enabling the UK eventually to capture 5 percent of the world market for printed electronics products. Targeted technology areas included "advanced material deposition processes, printable electronic materials, printable circuits for high resolution display and smart packaging applications, solid state lighting and organic photovoltaics."51 PETEC connects research with commercial activity through use of proof-of-concept devices and 45 "CPI Produces Large Area Small Molecule and Polymer OLED Lighting Demonstrators," OSA Direct, June 3, 2013.
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From page 115... ...
The Incubator Business Support Centre provides mentoring and support in commercialization of R&D, IPR, international business development, business planning, manufacturing and market research, "Science Park Looks Forward to a Bright Future," Newcastle The Journal, January 29, 2009. 54 Mike Claussen, Bela Green, Martin Walkinshaw, and Simon Ogier, "Introduction to the PETEC Printed Electronics Centre and Technology Challenges," CS Mantech Conference, May 16-19, 2011, Palm Springs, California.
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From page 116... ...
The project aim was to develop specifications for a pilot line and material set, esti mated costs and yields, demonstration devices, components, processes and equipment, and to use these elements to secure investments in pilot and eventually full manufacturing.56 PETEC's business model was criticized in 2009 by Plastic Logic, one of the leading flexible electronics firms in the UK. Plastic Logic commented that PETEC's model was revenue-driven with a major focus on contract research for "a small number of giant Asian electronics companies" and that PETEC had "struggled to define and articulate a compelling vision of how it will benefit the UK plastic electronics community as a whole." PETEC responded that its funding arrangements required it to become financially self-sustaining within 5 years and that economic activity in the UK plastic electronics sector was not sufficient to support the Centre.
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From page 117... ...
for applications in photonics and electronics. Its expertise includes flexible photovoltaics, flexible electronics, printed electronics and 59 University of Cambridge, "Optoelectronics," |
From page 118... ...
The team noted that a central feature of the CIKC was the access it offered to a 7,000 square foot Electrical Engineering Division clean room and equipment for processing devices and systems as flexible substrates.68 A 2012 assessment of the CIKC's work observed that it had worked directly with 45 industrial partners, producing "significant intellectual property" and technology transfer to industry, and had contributed to the formation of two startups with others under consideration. Technology developed by the CIKC in the 2007-2012 timeframe included an R2R printing process for OPV devices that led to the formation of a spinoff company; novel sputtering processes to deposit highquality metal oxide materials at temperatures compatible with plastic substrates for large area electronic devices, and a scalable manufacturing process for organic 65 |
From page 119... ...
In 2011, the WCPC's director, Tim Claypole, reported on a project that had developed a method for putting antibodies into an ink that could be printed onto sheets of plastic, creating disposable sensors allowing medical staff to carry out tests at bedside or in surgery using hand-held devices rather than sending samples to a laboratory.71 Organic Materials Innovation Centre The Organic Materials Innovation Centre (OMIC) is located at the University of Manchester, which is located in a region with a high-technology specialty polymer industry that has traditionally had one of the biggest concentrations of polymer researchers in the UK.72 The OMIC was originally one of five University Innovation Centres that the British government established in 2002.73 Based at 69 EPSCR, "IKC in Advanced Manufacturing Technologies." 70 "Swansea Unveiled as UK Centre of Excellence for Plastic Electronics," Tendersinfo, December 10, 2009.
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From page 120... ...
76 Building a Work Force In 2009, the EPSRC announced that it would award £3 million in grant funding over the period 2009-2018 to establish a "Doctoral Training Centre in Science and Application of Plastic Electronic Materials." The motive for the grant was the recognition that plastic electronics enjoyed "enormous potential" in the UK but that "growth is severely limited by the shortage of scientists and engineers capable 74 "Manchester Leads the Way in Graphene Membrane Research," Printed Electronics World, April 8, 2013. 75 BIS, Plastic Electronics, 11.
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From page 121... ...
. The curriculum featured a 4-year track to doctorate degrees involving practical training and professional skills training and interdisciplinary projects with industrial output.77 Companies In flexible electronics the UK has given rise to some of the earliest and most prolific innovating companies in the world, reflecting in significant part spinouts from universities.78 Plastic Logic Plastic Logic was founded in Cambridge in 2000 when researchers at the University of Cambridge spun the company off to commercialize research results developed at the University's renowned Cavendish Laboratory.79 It was the first company anywhere to fully industrialize mass production of plastic electronics products on a commercial scale.
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From page 122... ...
85 Johnson, "Why Plastic Logic Failed." 86 "Plastic Logic Changing Strategy, Puts Off Building Plant in Russia," Interfax, May 17, 2012; "Jobs Threatened as Plastic Logic Puts Down E-Reader," Plastics News, May 17, 2012; "Plastic Logic's New Strategy to Expand Market Reach," Printed Electronics World. 87 "Plastic Logic Scraps E-Reader Development," Business Weekly, May 16, 2012.
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From page 123... ...
SmartKem is a startup based in North Wales, which produces proprietary semiconductor materials, particularly inks, for applications in the field of flexible and printed electronics, including smartphones, e-readers, tablets, and TVs.94 The company was founded in 2009 and received venture capital funding from Finance Wales, a public regional fund investing in SMEs, which enabled it 89 Ibid. 90 Johnson, "Why Plastic Logic Failed." 91 "Top Flexible Electronics Developments Win 2013 FLEXI Awards," Flexible Substrate, February 2013.
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From page 124... ...
98 "Printed Electronics Is the Next Big Thing," Electronics Weekly, January 30, 2014. 99 The University, which enjoys expertise in transistor physics, worked with SmartKem to process, test, and validate its materials in thin-film transistor form and to define protocols for forming the materials into transistor arrays.
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From page 125... ...
In 2007, EL&I funding accounted for 50 percent of the annual budget of the Holst Centre. PolyMap Report, WP01: Survey of National and Regional Funding with OLAE Context, February 23, 2010.
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From page 126... ...
Within several years of its establishment, IMEC had become regarded as one of the best microelectronics research organizations in the world.104 IMEC's core research activities emphasize "early phases where potential commercial value starts to emerge out of basic science."105 Early-stage research is conducted in collaboration with industrial partners. Under IMEC's Industrial Affili tion Programmes, personnel from industrial partners (as well as equip a ment as needed)
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From page 127... ...
, with 10 percent record efficiency and 5-year lifetimes, based on IMEC's view that silicon-based PV systems cannot match such low cost-per-watt ratios. 110 Shortly after the WTEC team visit, it was announced that IMEC would head an EU Seventh Framework project, X10D, for development of organic photovoltaic cells that enjoy a longer lifetime, lower production cost, and superior conversion efficiency than do silicon-based PV cells.111 In 2009, research collaboration between IMEC, Hasselt University, and the Belgian printing company Artist Screen resulted in the creation of a spinoff in the field of plastic electronics.
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From page 128... ...
These devices were then used to design circuits on foil, and the devices were used in backplanes for rollable active matrix organic light-emitting diode displays.116 In 2013, IMEC and Japan's Fujifilm Corporation reported that they had jointly developed a photoresist technology for organic semiconductors suitable for application in photolithographic patterning on large-size, flexible substrates. The new process reportedly will enable the realization of submission patterns as large, flexible organic substrates.117 The Holst Centre The Holst Centre is an industry-government research organization founded by IMEC and TNO of the Netherlands in 2006.
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, 13. v 121 "Holst Centre Combines IMEC, TNO, and Industry's Capabilities," Printed Electronics Now, October 2010.
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From page 130... ...
While R2R manufacturing is seen as the eventual solution, its introduction has been seen as not being able "to bring flexible OLEDs to the market within 10 years."126 The Holst Centre is currently engaged in a number of collaborations to develop technologies that will enable the efficient production of flexible OLED lighting products for commercial use.127 In June 2013, Georg Götz of the Holst Centre indicated that in collaboration with its academic and industrial parties, Holst would develop generic technologies for flexible OLED lighting architectures produced by R2R processes with emphasis on flexible and transparent encapsulation, solution processing of organic layer stacks, and replacement of indium tin oxide with a highly conductive polymer formulation (PEDOT:PSS) .128 In early 2012, the Holst Centre and IMEC launched an effort to build on prior efforts in areas such as "organic and oxide transistors and flexible OLED lighting to develop an economically scalable route to high-volume manufacturing of large area flexible active-matrix OLED displays."129 Technological challenges include the deposition of thin organic layers with a well-controlled homogeneous thickness combined with highly conductive and transparent electrodes; encapsulation 124 EURIS, "Inventory of Good Practices on Open Innovation," Holst Centre, Eindhoven, The N etherlands; "Public and Industrial Agreements Enable Further Growth of Holst Centre," Holst Centre news release, April 5, 2012.
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From page 131... ...
Large OLED Lighting Panel," Flexible Substrate, March 2012. 133 "PragmatIC's Imprinted Planar Nano-Devices Included in Focus of Holst Centre Program," Flexible Substrate, February 2013.
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From page 132... ...
"Flexible OLED Lighting Reaches High Energy Efficiency Thanks to Shared Research Effort," Printed Electronics Now, March 8, 2012; "IMEC, Solvlay Announce World Record Efficiency for OPV Module," Printed Electronics Now, September 24, 2012. 141 "Solvay Acquires Plextronics to Accelerate its OLED Display Development," Flexible Substrate, April 2014; "Plextronics Shorts Out," Chemical and Engineering News, January 27, 2014; "Solvay Commits $15 Million to Support Plextronics' Innovative Technology Development in OLED and
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From page 133... ...
"Holst Centre, Philips Research Celebrate Successful Five-Year Collaboration with New Contract," Printed Electronics Now, October 24, 2011.
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From page 134... ...
So-Light The So-Light project, a 2009-2012 effort funded by BMBF with €8 million, was designed to address the complete supply chain from primary materials, manufacturing processes, and optical components to OLED lighting applications. Pronounced an "outstanding success," the project has reportedly enabled consortium partners to develop prototypes for OLED signage, including specialty applications in the automotive and architectural lighting markets.148 (See Table 5-12.)
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From page 135... ...
Industry Partners Universities/Research Institutions Polytos Printed organic switches/ 2009-2012 13.8 7.2 BASF, Merck, Peppesl & Darmstadt chips Fuchs, Bosch, SAP Heidelberg Mannheim Polytos 2 Printed organic switches/ 2012-2013 1-6 4.9 BASF, Merck, Darmstadt chips Bosch, SAP PolyIC, Heidelberg Heidelberger, Mannheim Druckmaschinen NanoPEP2 Nanostructures and plastic 2012-2013 6.8 3.0 BASF, Heidelberger, Darmstadt electronics print platform Druckmaschinen Gluco Sens Organic electronic novel 2010-2013 4.6 2.3 Rosch, BASF Freudenberg glucose sensors Heidelberg Cobalt Cost efficient OLEDs for 2012-2015 42.9 17.2 Philips, BASF, Aixtron lighting applications Print OLED Application of vapor 2009-2013 12.2 5.9 Merck, BASF, Philips, Karlsruhe It, Darmstadt, deposition processes Osram Brownschweig emitter/matrix systems to printing processes for OLEDs HOP-X Hybrid organic 2012-2015 3.8 1.9 Siemens, Merck, Plastic Leibniz photodetectors for Logic radiography 135 continued
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From page 136... ...
Industry Partners Universities/Research Institutions R2Flex Roll-to-roll production of 2010-2012 10.7 6.2 Novaled, Heliatek, Ledon FHG, IPMS, FHG, FEP organic components on OLED, 3D Micromac, flexible substrates VON ARDENNE, ALANOD, Crephys, Tridonic Dresden So-light OLED applications in 2009-2012 14.6 8.0 Novaled, AEG, Siteco, FHG, IMPS Munster lighting and signage Sensiat Imaging, Aixtron, Symoled, Fresnel, Hella KoSIF Flexible autonomous 2013-2017 6.0 3.8 Würth, FESTO, Stuttgart Media U, Stuttgart IGM, sensor systems on films HSG-IMAT Max Planck, MPI, IMS Chips LightinLine (liLi) OLED manufacturing for 2009-2012 7.5 3.3 Applied Materials , Merck Braunschoeig lighting application cyCESH Efficient production of 2013-2016 6.1 Novaled, Cynora Regensburg OLED devices Popup Materials for organic PV 2013-2016 16.0 8.2 Merck, PolyIC, Siemens, Ctr for Applied Energy Syhstems; Centrosolar Glas, Leonard Karlsruhe Inst.
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From page 137... ...
"OSRAM Reports Advances in Transparent OLED Development, To Start Production in 2014," Flexible Substrate, January 2013.
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From page 138... ...
158 "Printed Electronics Research Project Moves Into Next Phase," Package Print Worldwide, August 2, 2012.
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From page 139... ...
. it nevertheless 159 "JointResearch Project of BASF, Heidelberg and TU Darmstadt for Printed Electronics Centers the Next Phase," Chemical Business NewsBase, August 2, 2012.
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From page 140... ...
.167 The Fraunhofer Gesellschaft enjoys an outstanding global reputation and is widely credited as a key factor underlying German manufacturing competitiveness and the success of German goods in export markets.168 Fraunhofer institutes, 163 Fraunhofer Gesellschaft Annual Report, 2010, 15. 164 For a comprehensive analysis of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft and its place in the German system of innovation, see National Research Council, 21st Century Manufacturing: The Role of the Manufacturing Extension Partnership Program, ed.
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From page 141... ...
he research facilities of the Fraunhofer serve as external, very well equipped research departments" of smalland medium-sized German firms.173 At least 10 Fraunhofer Institutes and organizations are deeply involved in applied research activities relevant to flexible electronics. After the mid-1980s, in response to the direction of the German research ministry, the Fraunhofer devoted substantial resources to the development of advanced materials with high-technology applications.174 Today the institutes are engaged in a broad range of research activities aimed at fostering new materials with flexible electronics applications.
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From page 142... ...
x x xx x x x x ENAS (IZE) xx xx x x xx x IAP x x x xx xx xx ILT xx xx IPA x ISC xx xx xx ISE x x x x x ISIT xx xx SOURCE: OE-A, Organic and Printed Electronics: Applications, Technologies and Suppliers, June 2013.
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From page 143... ...
, participants in R2Flex, a BMBF-funded project to develop OLED lighting components, reported development of a desk luminaire with flexible OLED that can potentially be manufactured with an R2R process.179 175 WTEC, European Research and Development, 11. 176 "New Trends in OLED Lighting," Flexible Substrate, January 2014; "COMEDD Now a New Research Institute of the Fraunhofer," Printed Electronics World, July 12, 2012.
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From page 144... ...
xx xx xx xx xx xx xx ENAS (IZE) x xx xx xx IAP x xx xx xx xx xx x xx ILT xx x x xx xx IPA x x x ISC xx xx xx xx xx ISE x x x x x x x ISIT xx xx xx xx xx xx xx SOURCE: OE-A, Organic and Printed Electronics: Applications, Technologies and Suppliers, June 2013.
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From page 145... ...
Thus Fraunhofer COMEDD is now in a position to manufacture flexible organic devices such as OLED lighting films, organic solar cells or sensors as film according to customer requirements." Fraunhofer COMEDD and Carnot MIB were reportedly seeking industry partners to exploit these developments.181 Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems (IPMS) Fraunhofer IPMS conducts applied research in electronic, mechanical, and optical components and their integration into intelligent systems and devices.
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From page 146... ...
"Fraunhofer IAP Opens Pilot Line for Organic Electronics," Flexible Substrate, February 2013. 189 "Flexible Films for Photovoltaics," Printed Electronics World, May 31, 2011; "Ultra-High Basics for Encapsulation of Flexible Organic Electronic Devices," Flexible Substrate, March 2014.
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From page 147... ...
Fraunhofer ENAS' Printed Functionalities department conducts R&D in the field of flexible large area organic electronics and printed electronics. Its main 190 Fraunhofer Polymer Surfaces Alliances POLO, "Transparent High Barrier Film for Organic Electronics: Roll-to-Roll Pilot Production," 2013.
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From page 148... ...
196 OE-A, Organic and Printed Electronics, 86. 197 Fraunhofer EMFT Annual Report, 2012, 20.
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From page 149... ...
199 OE-A, Organic and Printed Electronics, 88; Fraunhofer ILT, "Laser Ablation for Thin Film Struc turing," |
From page 150... ...
203 OE-A, Organic and Printed Electronics, 88. 204 "Fraunhofer Printed Thermoelectric Generators Could Capture Energy from Waste Heat," Flex ible Substrate, May 2013.
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From page 151... ...
207 "BASF, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Inaugurate Joint Graphene Research Lab," Flexible Substrate, November 2012. 208 "German Researchers Synthesize World's First Supramolecular Thiophene Nanosheets," Flex ible Substrate, May 2013.
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From page 152... ...
In 2012, Heliatek started up its first manufacturing facility for flexible organic solar panels in Dresden, utilizing an R2R process with vacuum deposition at low temperatures.212 In 2013, Heliatek disclosed that in collaboration with the two 209 "Max Planck Institute Researchers Use an Inkjet Printer to Create Electrically Conductive Paper," Flexible Substrate, October 2013. 210 OE-A, Organic and Printed Electronics, 44.
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From page 153... ...
"Samsung Agrees to Buy German Screen Lighting Firm Novaled," Bloomberg, August 9, 2013. 217 "Plastic Logic, Novaled Partner to Demonstrate a World First for Displays," Printed Electronics Now, February 7, 2014.
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From page 154... ...
"Merck Exhibits Innovative Display Materials at IMID, FPD International," Printed Electronics Now, October 11, 2011. 221 "Merck KGaA and Plastic Logic Jointly Develop New Generation Organic Semiconductors," Printed Electronics Now, April 14, 2010.
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From page 155... ...
228 "IMEC Paves Way for Intelligent Item-Level RFID Tagging to Replace Bar Codes," Printed Electronics Now, December 13, 2012. 229 "Evonik, Holst Centre Partner to Extend Thin Film Electronics," Printed Electronics Now, February 12, 2013.
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From page 156... ...
developed in the course of this project "is a true paradigm shift enabling high-throughput PV and OLAE applications." "Roll-to-Roll Atomic Layer Deposition Technology for Producing Single Layer Ultra Barrier Films," Flexible Substrate, February 2013. 236 VTT, VTT Review, 2012, 40.
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From page 157... ...
The Center collaborated with Ciba to develop printable functionalities in high-volume packaging and diagnostics.240 However, as VTT observed in 2010 "despite such efforts, the number of end products developed for/ with our customers has been rather limited," a phenomenon attributed to "expectations and excitement" that "often heightens to levels that current technological capabilities are not yet able to meet."241 237 "Printed intelligence" refers to components and systems that extend the applications of printing beyond traditional text and graphics and perform actions as part of functional products or information systems. It includes printed electronics components and systems on flexible substrates.
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From page 158... ...
to construct an applications design and pilot manufacturing environment for printed electronics and diagnostics in Oulu, an effort supported by public funding from the ERDF, the city of Oulu, and the State Provincial ffice of Oulu's Education Department.243 PrintoCent was expected to invest O €15 million annually in R&D projects and to help create a skilled local workforce in the field of printed intelligence.244 By the end of 2013 PrintoCent employed more than 200 professionals. As of the end of 2013 PrintoCent had spawned 18 startup companies.245 In late 2013, the Chief Business Development officer of Ynvisible, a consortium member specializing in electrochromic displays using proprietary inks, summarized the benefits of the consortium to his company: As a small company, we aim to do much of our experimental work in research and pilot facilities.
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From page 159... ...
251 "Beneq Wins Tekes Commercialization Breakthrough Award," Printed Electronics Now, De cember 19, 2013; "The Status and Outlook of R2R Atomic Layer Deposition Technology," Flexible Substrate, January 2014. 252 "Great Potential Seen in Soft Batteries," Helsingin Sanomat, March 20, 2007; "Enfcell Brings Expertise to the Printed Battery Market," Printed Electronics Now, September 2009; http://enfucell.
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