Sociality, Hierarchy, Health Comparative Biodemography: A Collection of Papers (2014) / Chapter Skim
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9 Work to Live and Live to Work: Productivity, Transfers, and Psychological Well-Being in Adulthood and Old Age--Jonathan Stieglitz, Adrian V. Jaeggi, Aaron D. Blackwell, Benjamin C. Trumble, Michael Gurven, and Hillard Kaplan
9 Work to Live and Live to Work: Productivity, Transfers, and Psychological Well-Being in Adulthood and Old Age--Jonathan Stieglitz, Adrian V. Jaeggi, Aaron D. Blackwell, Benjamin C. Trumble, Michael Gurven, and Hillard Kaplan
Pages 197-222
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From page 197... ...
Small-scale societies possess similar socioecological features typical of the vast majority of human evolutionary history, including food insecurity, limited material wealth, and high pathogen burden coupled with little access to health care, but also frequent resource pooling, relative egalitarianism, and minimal social isolation. Research into psychological well-being in small-scale societies can (a)
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From page 198... ...
, we expect that the inability to provide expected resources will be a principal driver of reduced psychological well-being among adults, particularly as they age. Another principal source of resource flow disruptions is the intentional withholding of a resource, or resource diversions from expected recipients to other individuals or activities.
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From page 199... ...
We identify common sources of Tsimane marital conflict, most of which concern household productivity and transfers. In the third part, we compare our conceptual model to previous evolutionary and epidemiological models of depression and outline future research directions.
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. Despite frequent resource pooling to buffer risk, exposure to periods of uncertainty in the food supply was probably common over human evolutionary history.
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. Demonstrating a link between productivity and psychological wellbeing, Figure 9-1 shows the probability of reporting food anxiety by age among Tsimane adults aged 20+, alongside the age-profile of Tsimane net daily caloric production.
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We find that Tsimane depression score increases with age among adults aged 18+ (controlling for sex, not shown) , peaking in the late 70s when caloric production approaches preadult levels.
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. Like morbidity, functional limitations can reduce inclusive fitness through multiple pathways including reduced subsistence production, kin transfers, and reproductive opportunities.
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57 57 67 18 NOTE: Well-being scores were collected among adults aged 18+ using a modified Cantril Self-Anchoring Ladder. Respondents were asked to select their current position on the ladder, with the highest and lowest steps representing the best and worst possible lives, respectively.
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Methodological details are provided in footnotes. Figure 9-2 bitmapped strong predictor of Tsimane depression: Adults aged 50+ in the top decile of disability6 score 14 percent higher on depression than those in the b ottom decile after controlling for potential confounders (p < 0.001)
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are reliable and valid indicators of current and future productivity for both sexes. Given fitness benefits of high social status and mate value (see Von Rueden et al., 2008, 2011, and references therein)
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Prolonged social isolation in adulthood was probably rare over human evolutionary history given high fertility, frequent resource pooling, and minimal privacy in kin-based residential groups. While there is some e thnographic evidence of "elder neglect" and practices facilitating hastening of death among frail "net consumers," there is also evidence that such decisions are made by elders themselves, suggesting few conflicts of interest (Glascock, 2009)
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Marriage involves coordinated resource production and distribution, child care, sexual responsibilities, and novel opportunities for resource transfers within and among families. Marriage is a fundamental form of risk buffering as it facilitates a sexual division of labor necessary to provide the adequate complement of resources upon which humans rely.
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. Next we briefly review the logic underlying life history models of bargaining in marriage, and we highlight how sex differences in embodied, relational, and/or material capital affect household decision-making and maternal well-being.
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Matrilocal residence is associated with increased paternal investment, decreased self-reported marital strife for men and women, and reduced risk of IPV against women ( rchak, 1984; Counts et al., 1999; E Stieglitz et al., 2011)
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At present, we cannot determine empirically whether marital conflict is a source of reduced psychological well-being in adults (and perhaps children, through the indirect effects mentioned above)
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vital social relationships by inadequate social support inhibiting risk-taking and (perceived or real)
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Whether depression helps individuals devise novel strategies for increasing one's industriousness or utility in other domains during periods of declining caloric productivity, thereby reducing the net burden on kin, merits further consideration. Several adaptive models posit that depression functions primarily to elicit social support, which suggests increased psychological well- being following support received (Table 9-2)
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From page 214... ...
Given that depression may not be necessary to combat infection or negotiate social relationships, and that depression may not be reversible even if health or social conditions improve, an adequate adaptive theory must explain why natural selection would favor a depressed phenotype given the costs in a highly social species. A major opportunity cost of depression is foregone economic productivity, yet few hypotheses acknowledge that opportunity costs of depression (and thus whether depression manifests)
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While this framework requires more development (e.g., we do not consider the role of heritability or identify physiological mechanisms) , it is the first to explicitly link physical health, productive capacity, sociality, and mental health in small-scale societies.
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. Juvenile foraging among the Hadza: Implications for human life history.
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. From the womb to the tomb: The role of transfers in shaping the evolved human life history.
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. A theory of human life history evolution: Diet, intelligence, and longevity.
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Human Nature, 1(3)
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. Infidelity, jealousy, and wife abuse among Tsimane forager-farmers: Testing evolutionary hypotheses of marital conflict.
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From page 221... ...
. Moving beyond hunger and nutrition: A systematic r eview of the evidence linking food insecurity and mental health in developing countries.
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