Opportunities in Chemistry Today and Tomorrow (1987) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 229-244
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From page 229... ...
production of, 64 Ames test, 84 amide bonds, 94 amines, 92-93 amino acids, 94, 95 ammonia fertilizer manufacture, 152 nitrogen fixation and, 32 amorphous silicon, 69, 73 anaerobic respiration, 55 analgesics, 83 analog, 98 analytical chemistry, 158-162, 166 chromatography, 15~159, 166 environmental protection, 6,8, 15 instrumentation for, 194-199 lasers and, 9 lidar and, 9 mass spectrometry In, 16~161 optical spectroscopy in, 15~160 analytical separations, 15~159 chromatography, 158 anemia, 89 angina, 81 angiotensin-converting enzyme, 76 anile, photochromism and, 155 animal tests species dependence, 207 toxicity and, 20~207 antagonists, 79 Antarctic meteorites, 157 antibacterials, 79-80 antibiotics, 79-80, 129,148 erythromycin, 139, 140 penicillin, 139 antibodies, 87, 142 potentiometric analysis, 148 229
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From page 230... ...
230 antifeedants, 27-28 antimetabolites, SS anti-smog legislation, 106 antiviral agents, 80, 90, 132 ants, leafcutters, 177 archeological chemistry, 166 aromatics, 49, 50, 51 arrhythmia, 82-83 arthritis, 86, 133 artificial enzymes, 43-45 artificial organs, materials for, 101 artificial skin, 99 ascorbic acid, 127 aspartic acid synthesis, 100 atherosclerosis, 81-82, 91 atmospheric chemistry, infrared spectroscopy and, 199 atmospheric pollution, 202 infrared detection of, 160 199-200, 202 freons, 160, 199 lasers and, 171 atomic absorption, lasers and, 171 atomic theory, 1-2 ATP (see adenosine triphosphate) atrazine, 30 Auger spectroscopy, 192, 194 automated synthesis, 102, 141, 147 automobile industry, 106 automobiles exhaust, O2 sensor, 72 gas mileage, 109 plastic, 62, 65 polymers in, 106, 109 autumn leaves, 149 auxins, 2~25 azadirachtin, 28 B bachelor's degree in chemistry, 225 bacteriocides, trimethoprim, 143 bacteriorhodopsin, 142 major discussions; definitions INDEX BamH restriction enzyme, 96, 97 bases, 92-93 batteries, lithium-iodine, 47 benomyl, 30 benzene, 49, 51 toxicity of, 205 benzophenone, 119 benzopyrene, cancer and, 84 Bhopal, 5, 215-217, 220 bianthrones, photochromism and, 155 biocatalysis, 99-101 biochemistry, structure and C function, 14~147 biodegradable insecticides, 27 bioengineering, 99 biological molecules, 137-149 computers and 173 instrumentation for, 178-189 biomass, 48, 55-56,100-101 biomaterials, artificial organs and, 99 biomimetic enzymes, 45 biosynthesis, 137-141 leukotrienes and, 129 natural products, 139-140 biotechnology, 92-102, 107-108 medicine and, 98-99, 100 birth control, 87-88 drugs, 129 bitumin in shale oil, 55 block polymers, 67-68 self-organizing, 67-68 triblock, 67 blocker, enzyme, 77-78,79 blood clotting, 89 pressure, control of, 76 substitutes, 99 bond angles, vibrational fre quencies and, 197-198 bond strengths, vibrational frequencies and, 197-198 books, preservation of, 222 boranes chiral, 135 organic synthesis and, 135 borohydrides, organic synttiesis and, 133 bradykinin, hypertension and, 76 brassinolide, 136 structure of, 136 Bunsen burner flame, 52 butane, 50, 53 butylate, 30 caffeine, 82 -free coffee, 157 calcium channel blockers, 82 cancer, 84-86 aflatoxin and, 20~210 carcinogenesis, 84-85 carcinogens, 84 chemotherapy, 85-86, 143 children, recovery, 86 cisplatin and, 148, 190 colon, 206 enzymes and, 84 formaldehyde and, 210 NMR imaging and, 182 pesticides and, 211 platinum complexes, 90 selenium and, 7 skin cancer, ozone and, 210 smoking and, 90 TCE and, 20~207, 210 tumor inhibition, 143 vinyl chloride and, 205-206 capillary chromatography, 196-197 captopril, 81 hypertension and, 76 carbidopa, 1, 83 carbohydrates, cell manufacture of, 56-57 carbon dioxide greenhouse effect and, 15-16,52, 5~56 lasers, multiphoton excitation by, 123 carbon monoxide, 51
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From page 231... ...
alternatives for, 13 atmospheric detection, 160 ozone depletion and, 11-12, 210 stratospheric, 11 chlorophyll, 30, 57, 130 cholesterol enzymes for, 81~2 heart attacks and, 91 chromatography, 33, major discussions; definitions
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From page 232... ...
coadso~ption, 154 coal, 48, 53-54, 60 acid rain and, 6 dioxins in, 185 hydrocarbons from, 153 cobalt catalysts, 39, 54 import dependence, 163 code, genetic, 93-94, 94-95 140 coenzymes, 88 cofactors, 88 coke, 52 combustion, 50,52 lasers and, 171 major discussions; definitions l~DEX molecular beams and, 122 compactin, cholesterol control, 91 comparable risk, 210-211 220 composites, 108-109, 114 131 filamentary, 131 compounds, 2 rate of discovery, 2 computational chemistry, computers and, 172-173, 176 computers, 172-174 biological molecules and, 173 chromatography and, 195-196 graphics, 188 industrial use, 172 internal rotation, calculation of, 172 mainframe, 172 mass spectrometry and, 185 molecular-scale, 112-113 NMR and, 180 relative speeds, 172 research in chemistry and, 176 super-, 173-174, 176 condensed phases, lS5-158 electronic properties, 155 optical properties, 155 conducting glasses, 73 conducting polymers, 69-70 74 para-phenylene, 70 phthalocyanines, 70 polyacetylene, 68, 70, 71 polypyrrole, 71 conducting stacks, 69-70, 71 conductivity electrical, 150, 194 superconductivity, 71-72. 150 conformational changes chairtboat, 145 DNA puckering, 14~145 conservation of energy, 48 contraceptives, 87-88 conversion catalysts, 38 conversion factors (inside front cover)
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From page 233... ...
, 153-154, 192-193 carbon monoxide, 154 ethylene, 154 electron spin phosphorescence, 118 resonance (ESR) , 57, 189 electron transfer reactions, 133 electronic properties of solids, 155 electrophoresis, 33 elements, 2 employment of chemists, 224 endorphins, 88, 142 energy, 48-61 from biomass, 55-56 catalysis and, 5~52 from coal, 53-54 from combustion, 52 distribution, chemical lasers and, 121 feedstocks and, 105-106 hydrogen bonds, 140 materials and, 61 from natural gas, 53 from nuclear fission, 58-59 from nuclear fusion, 59 from petroleum, 48-52 rotational, 124 from shale oil, S5 solar, 56-58 from tar sands, 55 translational, 124 U.S.
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From page 234... ...
, 183 fast chemical reactions, 117-120, 156, 171 feedstocks, chemical, 52, 53, 55, 105-106 femtoseconds, 170 fermentation, ethanol production, 100 ferrocene, 130 internal rotation in, 172 ferrodoxin, 41, 130 fe~Toelectricity, 72 ferrofluids, 103 fertility, 87-88 field flow fractionation (FFF) , 197 DNA separation by, 189 fireflies, light emission by, 168 Fischer-Tropsch catalysis, 54 process, 45 fission, nuclear, 48, 58-S9, 163 natural reactor, 165 fixation of nitrogen, 31-32, 152 flavins, 89 floppy discs, polymers and, 62 flow cytometer, 199 fluorescence, 118, 119, 199 energy movement from, 116 IVR and, 116, 121 lasers and, 169 fluorine-C2H4 reaction, mode-selective excitation, 125 fluorocarbons, blood substitutes, 99 food, 22-34 from the sea, 33 food supply, parasitic weeds, 22 formaldehyde in beer, 210 in blood, 210 in cola, 210 in smog, 849, 202 toxicity of, 210 formic acid in smog, 202 fossil fuels coal, 53-54 greenhouse effect and, 52, 56 natural gas, 53 peat, 48 petroleum, 48-52 shale oil, 55 tar sands, 55 Fourier Transform algorithm, 173 IR, 19~199 MS, 183, 189 NMP, 180 free-electron lasers (FEL)
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From page 235... ...
ort of strategic elements, 162-163 indium antimonide, 69 indole acetic acid, 2~2S indomethacin, 78 major discussions; definitions
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From page 236... ...
major discussions; definitions INDEX J juvenile hormones, 27 anti-, 27 JH-III, 27 methoprene, 27 K kerogen in shale oil, 55 Keshan disease, selenium and, 8 ketones, in photodegradable plastics, 4 Kevlar~, 62 structural properties of, 62, 6S, 67 kinetics, chemical, 52, 117 knock, engine, 50 krypton lasers, 17~171 L laser display devices, 68 lasers, 169-172 applications, 171-172, 176 atmospheric analysis by, 9 chemical, 121, 16S, 169 coherence of, 169 dye-, 17~171 electrically dnven, 169 excimer, 170 fast reactions and, 156, 171 flashlight, 168 free-electron laser, 175-176 frequency accuracy, 170 magnetic resonance and, 199 molecular energy movement and, 116 multiphoton excitation, 123 optical spectroscopy and, 160 photosynthesis and, 57 picosecond spectroscopy, 118 population inversions and, 169, 171 pulse duration, 170, 171 pumping of, 169 research areas, 171
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From page 237... ...
left-handed DNA, 145-146 legislation, chemical industry and, 104, 106, 113 legumes, nitrogen fixation by, 32 leucine enkephalins, 83 leukemia, 143 leukotrienes, biosynthesis of, 129 levitation, superconducting magnets and, 150 library, preservation, 222 licorice, fungicide properties, 177 lidar, air analysis by, 9 life expectancy, U.S., 209 lifetimes excited states, lasers and, 171 ligand bonding activation and, 130 transition metals, 130 ligation enzymes, 96 light activated pesticides, 148 237 benzophenone emission, 119 diffraction of, 186 photosynthesis and, 56 reactions and, 13~135 lignin, 101 lignite, 48 lipstick, 149 liquid crystal displays, 66, 75 liquid crystals, 66, 74 ferroelectricity, 74 optical activity, 74 structural polymers arid, 67 liquids laser study of, 156 magnetic, 103 reaction rates in, 155-156 lithium-iodine battery, 47 lithium niobate, 68 loco weed, 161 low-energy electron diffraction, 51, 192 lubrication, 194 magnetic liquids and, 103 Lucite~, 65 lumber, U.S. production, 64 M macromolecular electronics, 74 macromolecules, 141-148 inorganic, 135 mass spectrometry and, 184 separation by FFF, 197 magic angle spinning, NMR and, 181 magnetic fields mass spectrometry and, 183 nuclear moments and, 17~179 superconductors and, 71, 150, 17~180 magnetic liquids, 103 magnetic materials, 114 magnetite, magnetic liquids and, 103 malaria, DDT and, 6, 203, 217-218 malignant cells, 84~S manganese catalysts, 39 marijuana, mass spectrometnc analysis, 184 marine mining, 113 mass spectrometry (MS)
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From page 238... ...
mirror-image structures, 41 mode-selective excitation, 124-125 molecular beams, 121-122, 174 molecular dynamics, 117-126 computers and, 173-174 molecular graphics, 188 molecular-scale computers, 112-113 molecular sieves, 51 catalysis by, 38 molecular structures, 117 computer graphics and, 188 molecular topology, 127-128, 135 molting hormones, 2~27 molybdenum catalysts, 23, 32, 39, 40, 54 monensin, 137-138, 140 morphine, 83, 139 mRNA, 95, 148 MS/MS, 161, 184, 189 multiphoton excitation, 123-124 major discussions; definitions INDEX isotope separation by, 12~124 multiple photon excitation, 123-124 muscle contraction, 77, 94 mutagenesis, 14~147 mutagens, 84 Ames test for, 84 myaloma serum, 159 N NADH, 144 nanoseconds, 170, 171 natural fungicides, 177 natural gas, 49-SO, 53 (see also methane) natural products biosynthesis, 139-140 synthesis of, 137-139 nematic phases, 66 nematode control, 26 neodymium, laser detection of, 162 neurotransmitters, 77, 83 neutron diffraction, 188-189 nickel catalysis by, 39, 54, 5S in enzymes, 55 import dependence, 163 in oil, 52 niobium nitride, superconductor, 150 nitric acid acid rain, 13-1S formation of, 14-15 in smog, 9, 202 nitric oxide, 1~11, 51 formation of, ozone depletion and, 10 nitrogen, catalytic activation of, 40 nitrogen dioxide, 1~11, 51 nitrogen fixation, 26, 31-32 activation energy for, 152 bacterial, 32 homogeneous catalysis and, 40 iron catalyst for, 152 legumes and, 32 nitrogenase and, 32 organometallics and, 130 nitrogen oxides acid rain and, 13 from gasoline combustion, 203 global budget, 15 ozone depletion and, 1~11 nitrosamines, 161 nitrous oxide, bacterial production, 11 NMR (see nuclear magnetic resonance)
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From page 239... ...
paper alkaline reserve, 222 deterioration of, 222 Paracelsus, 205, 219 parasitic weeds, 22 para-xylene, 39 Parkinson's disease, 41, 83 adamantadine and, 132 fedora and, 128 NMR and, 180 PCBs, 161 peat, 48, 60 penicillin, 80, 90, 100, 139 peptide bonds in proteins, 95 peptide synthesis, solid supports and, 127 perfume synthesis, 132 perovskite, superconductors, 71, 150 peroxyacetylnitrate, 202 pesticides, 29-31, 34 detection of, 193 in the environment, 18, 21~21 1 light-activated, 148 MIC and, 216 natural, 211 petroleum, 48-52 chemical feedstocks, 52, 53, 105 from coal, 53 combustion of, 52 depletion of, 105 refining, 49-50 from tar sands, 55 Ph.D. in chemistry, 225-228 employment, 224 financial support of, 227-228 pheromones, 28-29, 34, 126, 159 boll weevil, 28 cockroach, 29 silkworm, 28 phosgene toxicity, 205 phosphorescence, 118 photocatalysis, 3~37, 42 hydrogen production by, 42 photochemistry, 32, 5~58, 1 1~1 19 atmospheric, 202 infrared-induced, 122-125, 199 lasers and, 170 organic synthesis and, 134-135 photodegradable plastics, 4 photoelectrochemistry, 57-58 photography, 109-110 photoimaging, 10~110 photolithography, 111 photoresists, 111 photosynthesis, 1, 32, 34, 5~57, 61 ~jor discussions; definitions
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From page 240... ...
production of, 36, 64 platinum, 50, 51, 162 catalysts, 35, 40, 50, 51 cisplatin, 190 import dependence, 162, 163 Plexiglass, 65 plutonium, 58, 163 poisons, 206, 219 pollution acid rain, 52 combustion and, 52, 55 detection and, 7-10 photodegradable plastics, 4 radioactive wastes, 5~59 smog, 202 water, 16-18 polyacetylene conductivity, 68, 70, 71 photovoltaic cells, 7~71 polyacrylonitrile, 65 major discussions; definitions INDEX polyesters, 36, 62 production of, 36 from syn gas, 45, 54 polyethylene, 62, 64, 66 photodegradable, 4 structural properties, 66 polyisoprene, 62 polymer age, 62 polymers, 63-68, 74 "advanced," 75 alloys, 109 biodegradable, 4 blends, 109 block, 67-68 conducting, 74 electroactive, 74 enzyme models, 135 Kevlar@, 62, 65, 67 liquid crystals and, 66-67 photodegradable, 4 piezoelectric, 73 production of, 36, 62, 64, 65 structural, 62,65-66 structural properties, 65-66 TTF, 69-70, 71 polymethylmethacrylate, 65 poly(para~phenylene terephthalamide (see Kevlar@) polypeptides, 95, 9~99 polypropylene, 62, 65 polypyrrole, 70 polysaccharides, 75 polystyrene, 62, 65 photodegradable, 4 polyvinyl acetate, 62, 65 polyvinyl chloride, 62, 65 polyvinylidine chloride, 65 population inversion, lasers and, 168, 169, 171 population, world, 23 environmental pollution and, 5 growth of, 5 PPB, parts per billion, 9, 202 precocenes, 27 prednisone, 133 pressure optical properties and, 155 reaction rates and, 127, 128 pro-carcinogens, 84 procaryotes, 148 process, chemical, 36-46 propane, 50, 51, 53 propellane, 134 propylene, 53 proteins, 92, 94-96, 101, 102, 141-143 functions, 94 gel pattern, 159 heme, 14~149 neutron di~raction and, 189 peptide bonds, 95 sequencer, 199 structure, dynamic, 142-143 synthesis, automated, 102 3-D shapes, 141-142 pulse duration, lasers and, 170, 171 purines, 145 pyrimidines, 145 Q quantum chemistry computational, 135 reaction surfaces and, 125-126 quantum mechanics, computers and, 172, 176 quasicrystals, 135 quinidine, arrhythmia and, 82 quinine synthesis, 133 radioactive wastes, 18, 58-59 Raman, surface-enhanced, 43 rapture of the depths, 205 rate constants, atmospheric chemistry and, 12 reaction pathways, 126-135 reaction rate mode selectivity and, 125 pressure and, 127
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From page 241... ...
singlet states, 118 smectic phases, 66 smog, 52 formaldehyde in, =9 infrared study of, 199, 202 legislation and, 106 nitric acid in, 9 photochemical, 202 smoking, 90 snake venom, hypertension and, 76 SO2 (see sulfur dioxide) soap, 61 solar energy, 48, 56-58, 60 S safety, 105 salmonella, Ames test and, 84 Sarah, 65 Schroedinger's equation computers and, 172, 173 quantum mechanics and, 125 scintillation counter, 199 secondary ion mass spectrometry, 192, 193, 194 selective excitation, 124-125, 135 chemical reactions and, 12~125 selective pathways, organic synthesis and, 131-133 selenium, 205, 208 Keshan disease and, 8 organic synthesis and, 135 toxicity of, 8 self-organizing polymers, 67-68 semiconductors, 69 chemical vapor deposition and, 42~3 electrocatalysis and, 42~3 epitaxial growth, 73 fabrication, 11~1 12 photocatalysis and, 42 in photoelectrochemistry, 57-58 plasma deposition, 73 surface growth, 191 semisynthesis, 79 separations chemistry, 162-163 distillation, 50 nuclear fuels, 58 sciences, sequencing, 95 sesbanimide, structure of, 188, 189 hydrogen production by, 42 inorganic atoms and, 130 lasers in research, 171 organic photovoltaics and, 71 sol-gel, ceramics from, 108 solids electronic properties, 155 optical properties, 155 surface chemistry on, 151-155 surface structures, 152-153 major discussions; definitions
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From page 242... ...
242 solid-state synthesis, 102 salvation, liquids and, 156 solvent cage, reactions in, 156 soot, 5, 16 carcinogen content, 5 space exploration, 16~165 spectroscopy infrared, 160-163,197-200 optical, lS9-160 spin quantum numbers, 178 splicing, 148 Star Wars, chemical lasers and, 168 state-to-state chemistry, 121-122 steel structural properties, 66 U.S. production, 64 stereochemistry absolute, 128 relative, 128 stereoisomers biological activity, 137-138 monensin, 137-138 palytoxin, 138-139 synthesis of, 137-138 stereoselectivity, 132 catalysis and, 36, 41-42, 45 stimulated emission, 169 stone age, 62 strained rings, 134 strategic materials, 162-163 stratosphere, ozone depletion in, 19 by chlorofluoromethanes, 11 by nitrogen oxides, 10 by nuclear explosions, 11 by supersonic planes, 11 Striga asiatica, 22 strigol, 25 structural polymers, 62 auto mileage and, 109 liquid crystals and, 67 strength-to-weight properties, 65-66 structure dihydrofolate reductase, 143 major discussions; definitions INDEX function and, 14~147 macromolecules, 141-148 proteins, sulfonamides, 79 sulfur and acid rain, 39, 52 in coal, 54, 60 natural gas, 53 in petroleum, 52 in shale oil, 55, 60 sulfur dioxide acid rain and, 14, 39 sulfur nitride, poly, 71 sunlight, photosynthesis and, 32 superconducting magnets, 179 NMR and, 179 superconductivity pressure and, 155 superconductors, 71-72, lSO Cheverel phases, 71 high-temperature, 71, 72, 150 magnets from, 71, 150 niobium nitride, 150 perovskites, 71, lSO sulfur nitride, 71 TTF, 71 supercritical liquids, chromatography and, 19~197 supersonic jets cold molecules and, 116, 160 van der Waals molecules from cooling by, 131 surface analysis, 193-194 catalysis, 35, 5~52 chemistry, 35, 37, 50-52, 151-155, 166 composition, 152-153 enhanced harmonic generation, 43 enhanced Raman, 43 kinks, 50, S1 reactions, 15~155 structure, 152-153 terraces, SO, S1 vibrations, 154 surface analysis, 193-194 depth profiling, 194 surface science instrumentation, 191-193 Auger spectroscopy, 192, 194 depth analysis, 194 EEL spectroscopy, 192 infrared spectroscopy, 192, 193 LEED spectroscopy, 51, 192 SIMS, 192, 193, 194 surface composition, 193, 194 thermal Resorption, 192 X-rays, 200 surfactants, 49 magnetic liquids and, 103 synchrotron EXAFS, 175 light sources, 174-175,176 syn gas, 54, 60, 153 ethylene glycol from, 60 methane from, 54 methanol from, 54 synthesis, 137-141 DNA, 14~141 natural products, 137-139 oligonucleotides, 9S-96, 102 protein, 102 synthesis, organic, 127-129, 131-133 borohydrides, 133 chiral, 128, 129, 135 cycloaddition, 132 photochemical, 13~135 selenium and, 135 T tar sands, 48, 55 TCNQ polymer, 69-70 technetium, 165 Teflon~, 65 terephthalic acid production, 39 tetrahedrane, 134 theophylline, 82 theoretical calculation
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From page 243... ...
dioxin impurity in, 213 herbicide, 213 trigonelline G2 factor, 25-26 tnmethoprim bacteriocide, 143 triostin-A, binding to DNA, 187 triplet states, 118 tropospheric chemistry, 19 TTF polymers, 69-70, 71 tumors aminopterin, 143 inhibition of, 143 methotrexate and 143 NMR imaging of, 182 survival rate, 86 tungsten silicide, 73-74 tunichromes, 34 two-dimensional NMR, 181, 189 U ulcers, 129 cimetidine and, 79 ultimate carcinogens, 84 ultraviolet light, ozone layer and, 10, 11 Uncertainty Principle, 118, 170 uracil, 95 uran~um isotope separation, 123-124 ores of, 163 purification, 163 urbanization, environmental pollution and, 5 V vaccines, 98 vacuum UV light, lasers and, 176 vanadium in oil, 52 van der Waals molecules, 131 vapor deposition, semiconductors and, 42~3 vasodilators, 82 verapamil, arrhythmia, 82 vibration, molecular, 124 vibrational deactivation, lasers and, 171 vibrational energy movement, 116 vibrational excitation chemical lasers and, 168 multiphoton, 12~125 vibrational frequencies, bond strengths and, 197-198 vibrational spectra environmental pollutants and, 160 surfaces, 154 vibrational spectroscopy atmospheric chemistry and, 199 atmospheric pollution and 199 Fourier Transform and, 199 surface studies and, 192, 193 vignettes Ant That Doesn't Like Licorice, 177 Beauty Is Only Skin Deep, 35 Cisplatin The Strong, Silent Type, 190 Investigating Smog Soup, 202 Jack and the Soybean Stalk, 136 Libraries into Space, 222 Laser Flashlight, 168 Lithium-Powered Heart, 47 major discussions; definitions
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From page 244... ...
244 Magnetic Fluids—Attractive Possibilities, 103 No Deposit, No Return, No Problem, 4 Pac-Man for Cholesterol, 91 Rx Snake Bite, 76 Something for Nothing, 150 Stone Age, Iron Age, Polymer Age, 62 Time It Takes to Wag a Tail, 116 Whipping a Wicked Weed, 22 vinyl chloride, toxicity, 205-206 vinylidene chloride, piezoelectric behavior, 73 vlSlon rhodopsin and, 142 vitamin A and, 8~90 vitamins, 88-90 A, 89-90 B2, 89 Bl2, 89, 130, 133 C, 88, 127 D, 89 D3, laser synthesis, 13S K, 89 major discussions; definitions INDEX W warburganal, 28 wastes hazardous, I9 radioactive, 19 water pollution and, 1~18 water clean, 16-18, 19 waste, purification of, 17-18 wells, TCE contamination, 20~207, 210 wax, 50 weed control, 25, 30, 34 weed parasites, 22 whiskers, ceramic, 66 whole-body imaging, NMR and, 182 witchweed, 25 work function, 194 world population, 23 environmental pollution and, 5 growth of, 5 world production, gas and oil, 105 X X-rays, 185-188 brassinolide structure, 136 diffraction of, 186 dihydrofolate reductase, 143-144 drug binding to DNA, 187 methotrexate and NADPH, 144 sensitivity, 187, 188 sesbanimide structure, 187,188 surface studies by, 200 vitamin By, 89 wavelengths of, 186 xenogistic compounds, 22 A yeast, fermentation and, 100 yellow rain, 161 z Z-D N A, 146-147 zeatin, trans-, 25 zeolite catalysts, 46 zero risk, 7,8,218 zinc, U.S. production of, 64 .
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