A Framework for Assessing Effects of the Food System (2015) / Chapter Skim
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ANNEX 1: Dietary Recommendations for Fish Consumption
ANNEX 1: Dietary Recommendations for Fish Consumption
Pages 287-302
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From page 287... ...
The committee's framework could be applied to study how to integrate the health, environmental, social, and economic effects of fish consumption. The fish example specially illustrates Principle 3 in the committee's framework -- account for system dynamics and complexities -- because it illustrates a dynamic global system that involves multiple actors at all levels, from fishers to development agencies to nutritionists offering dietary guidance.
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From page 288... ...
Because of the potential health benefits of fish, the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010 (DGA) recommend that people consume 8 ounces of seafood per week -- especially marine-derived "oily" fish such as salmon, mackerel, sardines, pompano, anchovies, swordfish, trout, and tuna -- to provide an average daily consumption of 250 mg of EPA/DHA per day (USDA and HHS, 2010)
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From page 289... ...
, and the decline has been attributed to fish prices among a number of other factors. Some research suggests one reason for the decline is the fish advisories regarding methyl mercury and other toxicants, as discussed below.
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From page 290... ...
Pregnant and breastfeeding women should eat at least 8 and up to 12 ounces of seafood, from choices that are lower in methyl mercury, each week to boost babies' brain and eye development. b Ancillary jobs include processing, packaging, marketing, distribution, manufac turing of fish processing equipment, net and gear making, ice production, supply, boat construction and maintenance, retail, research, and administration.
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From page 291... ...
These inconsistencies in results raise the question as to how strong the association is between reduced cardiovascular disease risk and fish intake. Despite this question, experts in many countries offer dietary advice to their populations regarding fish and fish oil intake.
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From page 292... ...
also issued similar advisories for fish being caught by anglers. In 2004, FDA and EPA published their first joint advisory warning pregnant women, women planning to become pregnant, nursing mothers, and young children to eliminate shark, swordfish, king mackerel, and tilefish from their diets and to limit their consumption of other fish to 12 ounces per week to minimize exposure to methyl mercury (FDA/EPA, 2004)
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From page 293... ...
This was mainly accomplished by developing large industrial fishing operations with the capability of landing a much greater tonnage of fish than before. World fisheries production leveled off in the 1970s when the majority of fish stocks were being fully exploited.
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From page 294... ...
Wild fish stocks are expected to decline further with the stresses of climate variability, such as ocean acidification, changes in temperature, nutrient supply, light availability, and many others. Concerns are being raised about the negative effects of climate change on marine ecosystems and habitats, decreased biodiversity, as well as fish stock depletions (Rice and Garcia, 2011)
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From page 295... ...
. The expansion is bringing increased attention to the environmental damage caused by different production systems, including the pressure on wild fish stocks when they are used as feed sources (especially herring, anchovies, and sardines)
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From page 296... ...
. Although the work environments for commercial fishing operations vary significantly by the body of water and type of fish being harvested, fishers generally encounter harsh working conditions, including extreme weather, long work hours, strenuous physical labor, and living in confined quarters (BLS, 2014; CDC/NIOSH, 2014)
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From page 297... ...
population, either increases in consumption of fish to meet the current DGA recommendations or decreases in consumption to meet other goals. The alternative scenarios would consider a variety of factors, such as: • Different levels of fish recommendations, including the present DGA recommendations and several lower percentages of that; • Different levels of or changes in methyl mercury levels consumed in fish that might result from compliance with fish advisories by targeted populations; • Different amounts of wild and farmed salmon produced under dif ferent environmental, climate change, and biodiversity conditions; and • Different levels of fish protein needed in various parts of the world.
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From page 298... ...
reviewed projections to 2050 for global population growth and fish production that anticipates climaterelated change and effects on biodiversity. They concluded that the projected 50 percent increase in fish production from both capture fisheries and intensive farming would be incompatible with the present proposed interventions to address pressure on marine biodiversity.
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From page 299... ...
Macro-level patterns and trends can be produced and the patterns (e.g., changes in fish consumption, marine biodiversity/ fish stocks, and available fish protein) can be compared with data to calibrate the model.
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From page 300... ...
• How will climate change affect marine biodiversity and the pro ductivity of wild caught and farmed fish stocks? • How will international institutions mediate and develop policies that will reconcile the differences among multiple competing inter ests related to this difficult problem?
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From page 301... ...
2008. Reduc ing commercial fishing deck hazards with engineering solutions for winch design.
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From page 302... ...
2013. Issues of fish consumption for cardiovascular disease risk reduction.
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