A Framework for Assessing Effects of the Food System (2015) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix B: Selected Metrics, Methodologies, Data, and Models
Appendix B: Selected Metrics, Methodologies, Data, and Models
Pages 373-418
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The methodologies table (see Table B-2) provides key study designs, methodologies, and general models that can be used in complex system analyses or otherwise used to examine the effects of the food system.
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The tables are meant to be illustrative, not comprehensive, and to show a selection of the most common metrics, methodologies, data sources, and models used. Furthermore, it is expected that research related to health, environmental, social, and economic effects as well as to the food system itself will continue to expand, leading to the evolution of these resources and the development of new ones.
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during a given period Number of persons at risk of of time developing the disease during same time Mortality rate Indicator of General population Total number of deaths Gordis, L
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(ng) /mL of blood pbcd_e.htm Healthy Eating Index Measure of diet Individuals Weighted score based on http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/ quality that assesses Foods available in amounts of fruits; whole HealthyEatingIndex.htm conformance to markets or outlets fruits; vegetables; greens federal dietary Menus and beans; whole grains; http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/ guidance National food supply dairy; protein foods; seafood Publications/HEI/HEI-2010/ and plant proteins; refined CNPPFactSheetNo2.pdf grains; sodium; and empty calories per 1,000 kcal, and the amount of poly- plus mono-unsaturated fatty acids per amount of saturated fatty acids continued 377
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TABLE B-1 Continued 378 Metric Purpose Target Population How Measured For Further Information FoodNet Measure national General population Estimate of the burden of http://www.cdc.gov/ trends in outbreaks illness for the most common foodborneburden/trends-in from year to year or the most severe foodborne foodborne-illness.htm based on FoodNet illness etiological agents, database (see Table based on FoodNet outbreak B-3) database corrected for various factors, including rate of visiting the hospital when individuals suffer from diarrheal disease, how often specimens are collected in an attempt to identify the etiological agent involved, and specific tests that are run on samples provided ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS Nitrate Groundwater Farmers The index works with an http://ciwr.ucanr.edu/Tools/ Pollution Hazard Index overlay of soil, crop, and Nitrogen_Hazard_Index irrigation information; based on the three components, an overall potential hazard number is assigned and management practices are suggested where necessary
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, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide Erodibility Index Provides information Farmers Combines the effects of http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/ on the potential of Resource managers slope and soil type, rainfall wps/portal/nrcs/detail/ the soil to erode intensity, and land use national/technical/? cid= based on physical and stelprdb1041925 chemical properties of the soil and climatic conditions SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC EFFECTS Income, Wealth, Equity Gross sectoral output and Assess the productivity Aggregate farm sector Index values are assigned http://www.ers.usda.gov/ factor productivity of the use of different to the various inputs and data-products/agricultural factors (labor, outputs associated with productivity-in-the-us.aspx capital, land, etc.)
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the concentration food processors, Gini Coefficient topics/farm-economy/farm of production and manufacturers, structure-and-organization/ ownership in different distributors, and research-on-farm-structure food supply chain retailers and-organization.aspx sectors http://www.foodcircles. missouri.edu/consol.htm Average net farm income Document trends in Farm operator Indicators of average http://www.ers.usda.gov/ the income and wealth households income and wealth position, data-products/farm-income position of farm distribution of farm and-wealth-statistics.aspx operator households households by income class http://www.ers.usda.gov/ topics/farm-economy/farm household-well-being.aspx http://ers.usda.gov/ data-products/arms farm-financial-and-crop production-practices.aspx
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Employment in food Determine levels Food supply chain Indicators of employment http://www.bls.gov/bls/ system industries and conditions of sector level by sector employment.htm employment across different segments of http://www.bls.gov/cps food supply chain Worker compensation; Track changes in Workers in food Mean wages, weeks of http://www.bls.gov/bls/ average and median wages and poverty supply chain sectors employment, and household blswage.htm household income; among workers in poverty rates for workers in poverty rate in worker different segments of different sectors http://www.bls.gov/cps/ households food supply chain earnings.htm#occind http://www.bls.gov/opub/ ted/2003/jun/wk5/art04.htm http://www.bls.gov/cps Quality of Life Farm operator managerial Track trends in Farm operator Levels of debt, presence http://www.ers.usda.gov/ control (contracting, economic relationships households of formal production, or topics/farm-economy/farmdebt: asset ratio) that affect marketing contracts sector-income-finances/ independence of farm assets,-debt,-and-wealth.aspx operators http://www.ers.usda.gov/ topics/farm-economy/farm structure-and-organization.
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pdf http://www.bls.gov/bls/ blswage.htm http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/ home.htm http://www.bls.gov/cps/ lfcharacteristics.htm#tenure Economic power Examine social status Food system industry Levels of unionization and http://www.bls.gov/cps/ (citizenship status of and organization of sectors citizenship status of workers lfcharacteristics.htm#union workers, unionization) workers in different by sector food system industries http://www.bls.gov/ cps/demographics.
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workplace safety risks employers and counts and rates by employer employees and employee characteristics http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ injury Food Availability Food Costs and Expenditures Food costs (prices and General population Measures of the Consumer http://www.ers.usda.gov/ elasticities) Price Index (CPI)
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expenditures by food gov/data-products/foodcategory, place of expenditures.aspx#. consumption VACPk2MXNkg http://www.bls.gov/cex/2012/ combined/quintile.pdf Food Security Household and individual General population http://www.ers.usda.
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2011. Benefit redemption patterns in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.
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TABLE B-1 Continued 386 Metric Purpose Target Population How Measured For Further Information Availability of farmers' http://www.ers.usda. markets gov/data-products/food environment-atlas/about-the atlas.aspx#.VACTF2MXNkg Food Quality Changes in types of foods http://www.nielsen.com/ advertised content/corporate/us/en.html http://kff.org/other/food for-thought-television-food advertising-to Changes in the number of healthful food offerings in food venues Sales of organic and other http://www.ers.usda.gov/ sustainably produced foods publications/eib-economic information-bulletin/eib58.
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Sales of locally produced http://www.usda.gov/wps/ foods portal/usda/knowyourfarm er? navid=KNOWYOURFA RMER Time spent on food http://www.bls.gov/tus/ preparation atusfaqs.htm#1 Daily energy intake from General population http://www.ers.usda.gov/ home-prepared foods topics/food-choices-health/ food-consumption-demand/ food-away-from-home.
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:672-679. Case-control studies Study design that involves Dahm, C
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:614-626. Microbial risk assessment Standardized methodology for Akingbade, D., N
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2013. http://www.healthimpactproject.org array of data sources and analytic Health impact assessment methods and considers input from of proposed changes to the stakeholders to determine the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance potential effects of a proposed Program.
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http://www.eiolca.net/Method/LCA_ environmental impacts associated 2011. Life cycle energy and Primer.html with a product's life from raw greenhouse gas analysis of a material to consumption, including large-scale vertically integrated Hendrickson, C
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2013. A framework for both positive and negative, of combining social impact assessment planned interventions and any and risk assessment.
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2010. Effects equilibrium-model,1283.html response to changes in policy, of US maize ethanol on global technology, or another exogenous land use and greenhouse gas variable (e.g., climate)
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2000. Business modeling dynamic stocks and flows, and key from evidence in a complex world.
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Food demand analysis/ Food consumption by individual Okrent, A., and J
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TABLE B-3 Selected Data Sources for Assessing Health, Environmental, Social, and Economic Effects of Food 396 System Purpose Target Population Key Assessments For Further Information HEALTH EFFECTS National Health and Collect data about the Civilian, non- • Complete physical http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/ Nutrition Examination health, nutritional status, institutionalized exam, including nhanes.htm Survey and health behaviors of individuals in the United measured height and individuals in the United States; all ages weight States • Self-reported dietary intake • Demographics Behavioral Risk Factor Collect state-specific Adults living in • Demographics http://www.cdc.gov/BRFSS Surveillance System data about preventive households in all 50 • Food security health practices and states, the District of • Fruit and vegetable risk behaviors linked Columbia, Puerto Rico, consumption to chronic disease, the U.S. Virgin Islands, • Quality of life injuries, and preventable and Guam infectious disease for adults in the United States Health and Diet Survey Collect data about Civilian, non- • Demographics http://www.fda.gov/Food/ awareness, attitudes, institutionalized adults • Awareness of FoodScienceResearch/ and practices related to age 18 and older in 50 relationship between ConsumerBehaviorResearch/ health and diet issues states and the District of diet and specific default.htm among consumers in the Columbia diseases United States • Degree to which respondent makes household grocery purchasing decisions
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• Cause of death Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands Food Patterns Convert foods and Foods reported on the • Total fruit (cup http://www.ars.usda. Equivalents Database beverages to U.S.
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; the Cyclospora information collected is used to estimate the burden of illness caused by the specific agent; breaks down estimates by age category and regions Foodborne Outbreak Provide access to Outbreaks reported • Etiology; location of http://wwwn.cdc.gov/ Online Database national information by state, local, and consumption; total foodborneoutbreaks on reported foodborne territorial public health ill, hospitalized, and illness outbreak data departments through deaths; food vehicle a Web-based program, and contaminated the National Outbreak vehicle where Reporting System available • Insight into the types of foods involved in outbreaks • Some information on factors contributing to illness
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Estimates of Foodborne Estimate the most General population • Etiology, illnesses and http://www.cdc.gov/ Illness Attribution common food sources deaths foodborneburden/attribution/ for specific foodborne • Breakdown by specific index.html illnesses food categories Risk and Safety Site contains formal General population http://www.fda.gov/Food/ Assessments for Food microbial and chemical FoodScienceResearch/ risk assessments RiskSafetyAssessment/default. conducted for foods htm National Antimicrobial Monitor changes in Foodborne isolates Antimicrobial resistance http://www.cdc.gov/narms Resistance Monitoring susceptibility of select collected from humans, System bacteria to antimicrobial animals, and retail meats agents of human and veterinary importance Pesticide Data Program Collect pesticide residue Meat, poultry, and egg Pesticide residues http://www.ams.usda.gov/ data products AMSv1.0/PDP Total Diet Study Ongoing market-based 280 core foods in retail Contaminants in foods http://www.fda.gov/food/ study to collect data on stores (e.g., acrylamide and foodscienceresearch/ levels of contaminants perchlorate)
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Virgin Islands, sites of water, sediment, and Guam, American Samoa, • Water use tissue samples from and the Commonwealth • Current and historical across the United States of the Northern Mariana water-quality data and Islands summary statistics Air Quality System Repository of ambient Data collected by • Data include lead, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/airs/ air quality data Environmental ozone, particulate airsaqs Protection Agency and matter and fine state, local, and tribal particulate matter, air pollution control sulfur dioxide, oxides agencies in the United of nitrogen (NO, States from more than NO2, NOx, NOy) , 10,000 monitors, 5,000 volatile organic of which are currently compounds active
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ECOTOX Database Provide single-chemical Toxicity data derived • Lethal, sublethal, http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox toxicity information for predominately from the and residue effects of aquatic life, terrestrial peer-reviewed literature, chemicals on aquatic plants, and wildlife for aquatic life, species, including terrestrial plants, and plants and animals as terrestrial wildlife well as freshwater and saltwater species • Toxicity information for use in characterizing, diagnosing, and predicting effects associated with chemical stressors and to support the development of ecocriteria and thresholds for natural resource use Farm Financial and Crop Collect information on National survey of Data on nutrient http://www.ers.usda.gov/dataProduction Practices the financial condition, agricultural producers use, pesticide use, products/arms-farm-financial production practices, and that provides conservation practices, and-crop-production-practices resource use of America's observations of field- pest management farm businesses and rural level farm practices, practices, irrigation households the economics of the technology and water farm businesses, and the use, etc., for select crops characteristics of farm and U.S. states operators continued 401
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states and the in storage, and volume Surveys/index.asp and demographics District of Columbia production of agriculture and its • Commodity sales environment in the volume and price United States • Commodity use • Commodity-based products production • Chemical usage • Prices paid by producers • Prices received by producers • Farm production expenditures
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Pesticide Data Program Collect data about More than 105 different • Pesticide and http://www.ams.usda.gov/ pesticide residues in commodities, including compound class AMSv1.0/pdp food commodities and fresh and processed fruits • Collection facility type drinking water in the and vegetables, meat and • Commodity United States poultry, grains, specialty • Commodity type and products, bottled water, origin municipal drinking • Residue level water, and private and • State, Census region school/childcare facility well water Quantis World Food life Provide reliable Reliable, transparent, • Compliant with http://www.quantis-intl.com/ cycle assessments (LCAs) and up-to-date data and up-to-date database ecoinvent's quality wfldb database for more accurate for environmental guidelines food and beverage assessments, including • Compatible and LCAs, decisions, and more than 200 datasets coherent with communication.
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purchased for home and other characteristics consumption and of households in the consumed away from United States home • Demographics • Geocodes • Inventory of durable goods in home (e.g., toys/games, electronic entertainment equipment, cooking equipment, exercise equipment) Center for Nutrition Collect data about Food items that were • Average national http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/ Policy and Promotion estimated cost of specific purchased by individuals prices for individual usdafoodplanscostoffood.htm Food Prices Database food items consumed in and families in the 48 foods the United States contiguous states and the • Census region District of Columbia Agricultural and food Data about U.S.
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Virgin Islands • Farm production practices • Farm sizes • Gross annual sales of specific farm • Market value of farm products sold • Marketing practices • Number of organic farms by state • Types and amounts of specific commodities produced by farms continued 405
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TABLE B-3 Continued 406 Purpose Target Population Key Assessments For Further Information InfoUSA Collect data about Businesses and • Address, latitude http://www.infousa.com types of businesses in a consumers in the United and longitude, community in the United States and Canada neighborhood, zip States code • Business type and name • Housing type • Home value National Survey of Collect data on Noninstitutionalized, • Detailed information http://www.urban.org/center/ America's Families demographic, economic, civilian population about income and anf/nsaf.cfm housing, and other younger than age 65 income sources for factors relevant to the in the United States; low-income families well-being of children the survey focuses on with children and adults younger individuals residing in • Food security than age 65 residing in households with incomes • Detailed information households in the United below 200 percent of the about various types of States federal poverty threshold food assistance Food Environment Atlas Assemble statistics Counties in the United • Community's access http://www.ers.usda.gov/data on food environment States to and acquisition of products/food-environment indicators to stimulate healthy, affordable atlas/about-the-atlas.aspx research on the food determinants of food • Community's success choices and diet quality, in maintaining healthy and to provide a diets spatial overview of a • Demographics community's ability to • Natural amenities access healthy food and its success in doing so
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Data System regarding foods, nutrients available for calculations products/food-availability nutrients, and consumption in the • Food availability data, (per-capita) -data-system.aspx calories available for United States adjusted for loss and consumption for each spoilage individual in the United • Food availability data States linked to nutrient composition data continued 407
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for several United States categories of fruits and vegetables; grains and dairy products; meats, beans, nuts, and eggs; and fats/ oils, beverages, and prepared foods • Geocode linkage: county, Census region, Census division Food consumption and Food consumption and U.S. households in the • Average daily intake http://www.ers.usda.gov/datanutrient intake nutrient intake by food 48 contiguous states by food groups products/food-consumption source and demographic • Density (the amount and-nutrient-intakes.aspx characteristics of food for each 1,000 calories contained in an American diet)
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Datamonitor Product Collect data about newly Newly launched • Product name, brand, http://www.productscan.com Launch Analytics launched consumer consumer packaged and varieties packaged goods in retail goods from around the • UPC code markets around the world • Nutrition facts world information • Product claim • Ingredients • Package format, material, and size continued 409
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TABLE B-3 Continued 410 Purpose Target Population Key Assessments For Further Information Absolute difference in Measure of absolute Individuals and Health parameter http://seer.cancer.gov/ health disparities difference in health subgroups in a measured in group A/ publications/disparities2 outcome among groups population Health parameter measured in group B Relative difference in Measure of relative Individuals and Health parameter http://seer.cancer.gov/ health disparities difference in health subgroups in a measured in group A/ publications/disparities2 outcome among groups population Health parameter measured in group B Census of Fatal Produce comprehensive, All fatal work injuries in Uses multiple data http://www.bls.gov/iif/ Occupational Injuries accurate, and timely the United States sources including death oshcfoi1.htm annual counts of certificates, workers' occupational injury compensation reports, fatalities and federal and state agency administrative reports to collect information on each workplace fatality Survey of Occupational Describe the magnitude Data on nonfatal Includes information http://www.bls.gov/iif/ Injuries and Illnesses of work-related injury workplace injuries about the case oshcase1.htm and illnesses that are and illnesses from circumstances and recordable, i.e., require an annual survey worker characteristics at least 1 day away from of roughly 250,000 for occupational injury work to recuperate private employers, state and illnesses that involve governments, and local lost work time, medical governments treatment other than first aid, restriction of work or motion, loss of consciousness, or
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transfer to another job; employers keep counts of injuries separate from illnesses Occupational Injury Track nonfatal injuries National surveillance Designed to produce http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ Surveillance of occurring to adults system conducted in national and regional topics/aginjury/OISPA/default. Production Agriculture working in agriculture 2001, 2004, and 2009 estimates of the number html Survey of adults age 20 years and older working on farms and the number of occupational injuries that these workers incur County Sprawl Index A measure of urban Counties in the United This updated sprawl http://gis.cancer.gov/tools/ sprawl, a pattern of States index for 2000 and urban-sprawl land use epitomized by 2010 incorporates low-density development four dimensions of around urban areas sprawl derived from 17 variables -- density, land-use mix, population or employment concentrations ("centering")
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WEPS (Wind Erosion Predict wind erosion Van Donk, S
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2013. http://ciwr.ucanr.edu/Tools/ saturated water flow, solute Soil type, crop and irrigation ENVIRO-GRO transport, root water uptake, technique affect nitrogen leaching to nitrogen uptake, and relative yield groundwater.
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A Jones, http://epicapex.tamu.edu/epic (Environmental Policy 80 crops using weather data.
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2012. Emissions, and Energy sector developed to fully evaluate Well-to-wheels energy use and https://greet.es.anl.gov/greet/ Use in Transportation energy and emission impacts of greenhouse gas emissions of ethanol documentation.html Model)
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http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/ food security, along with bioenergy, 2020 Discussion Paper No.
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commodity markets using The FAPRI global modeling system comprehensive data and computer and outlook process. Journal of modeling systems of the world International Agricultural Trade agricultural market and Development 6(1)
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