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From page 491... ... Index Acetylene, 289, 290 Acid deposition and oxidant model (ADOM) , 315-316 Acid rain, 78, 109, 119-120, 177 models, 315-316, 318 NAPAP, 238, 244, 245-246, 254, 255256, 259-260, 261, 280-281, 318, 364, 365 Acids, 194, 199 see also Nitric acid Advection, 309, 318 Aerometric data bases, 312-314, 316, 320, 341, 347, 348 Aerometric Information Retrieval System, 316, 320 Aerosols, 26, 177, 208, 310 Air quality models, see Models Alabama, 207 Alcohol fuels, 14 see also Ethanol; Methanol Aldehydes, 171, 194, 197, 198-199 see also Formaldehyde Algorithms, 8, 10, 272 Alkanes, 124, 130-132, 151, 158, 160, 173, 296 ALkenes, 124, 132-134, 151, 157-158, 160, 381 Alternative fuels, 13-14, 135-138, 162, 379411 California, 388, 390, 395, 399, 405406, 408 carbon monoxide emissions, 379, 381, 386, 388, 389, 399, 401, 403, 491 404, 405, 410 history, 393 models, emissions, 393, 394-395 nitrogen dioxide emissions, 399 nitrogen oxides and nitric oxide, 379, 381, 386, 389-390, 399, 401, 403, 410 regulations, 405-409 standards, 388, 390 sulfur compounds, 392 urban areas, general, 13, 14, 381, 395399, 409410 VOC emissions, 386-388, 394, 399, 401, 403-405, 410 see also specific~els Altitude mixing height, 340, 346 troposphere, 19-20 American Petroleum Institute, 3, 87 Ammonia, 178, 192, 197 AP42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, 252-253, 259 Antarctic ozone hole, 22, 416 Atlanta, Georgia, 31, 105, 23~236, 270 Atmospheric chemistry, 109-162 Atmospheric Utility Signatures, Predictions, and Experiments, 11, 207, 314-315, 343 Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research Program, 386, 400401 Automobiles, see Motor vehicles Baltimore, Maryland, 62, 328 Read the entire page →
From page 492... ... 492 Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 238, 241, 242 Beaumont, Texas, 173-174 Bias, see Errors and error analysis Biogenic emissions, 8-9, 24, 29, 139-149, 158, 224-225, 233-234, 411, 421 biomass burning, 273 control strategies, 244, 364, 365, 377 definition, 2 errors and uncertainty, 271-273, 302, 411 inventories, 252, 263-280, 289, 290-291, 302, 411 isoprene, 139-149, 158, 160, 231, 238, 241, 263, 272-273, 291, 316, 364 models, 272, 316, 318, 365 monoterpenes, 139-144, 146-147, 160 seasonal factors, 9, 263, 264, 278, 289, 302 soil, 218, 277-280 solar radiation and, 272 temperature factors, 26~264, 267, 268, 272 terpenes, 263, 272-273, 291 time factors, 268-269 urban areas, 242, 243-244, 270, 290 291, 302 Boston, Massachusetts, 63, 217, 328 Boundary and initial conditions, 10, 11, 94, 96, 99, 211-214, 221 marine boundary layer, 95, 97, 212, 218, 222-224, 230, 248, 421, 423 models, 304-306, 309, 310-311, 316, 320, 339-340, 341, 348 rural areas, 212-214 stratospheric incursions into troposphere, 23, 414, 421 urban areas, 212, 214, 310-311 winds, 95 California, 30, 37, 49 alternative fuels, 388, 390, 395, 399, 405-406, 408 emission control strategies, 82 emission inventories, 254, 263, 284 monitoring, general, 44, 52-55, 56, 238, 244-245 SCAQS, 11, 285-286, 314-315, 343 S] VAQS/AUSPEX, 11, 207, 314, 343 see also Los Angeles Canada, 261, 316, 320 Carbon compounds biomass burning, 273 emission control, 5 global trends, 421 see also Fossil fuels; Hydrocarbons; Volatile organic compounds; specific compounds Carbon monoxide, 96, 111, 144, 159 RETHINKING THE OZONE PROBLEM alternative fuels, 379, 381, 386, 388, 389, 399, 401, 403, 404, 405, 410 global trends, 416, 421 measurement, 193, 194-195, 201, 205, 206, 209, 251, 284-288, 296-299, 300 301 Carbonyl compounds, 135, 135, 161, 170, 197, 208 Catalytic conversion, 193, 194, 389 Chemiluminescence, 189, 190-191, 201, 202, 203 Chlorine, 184-185, 419 Chlorofluorocarbons, 15, 22, 417, 425-426 Chromatography, 146, 193, 19S-197, 198, 199, 259 California Institute of Technology Model 359 Classification techniques meteorological, 51, 55-58, 65 NAAQS nonattainment areas, 68-76 VOC inventories, 259 Clean Air Act, 14, 5, 29, 30, 67-74, 304, 426 acid rain, 78 historical perspective, 67 indoor air pollution, 36 mandated NAS study on ozone precursors, 3 research, 15, 426 see also National Ambient Air Quality Standards; State Implementation Plans Clean Air Science Advisory Committee, 30 Cleveland, Ohio, 216 Clouds, 93, 95-96, 113, 178, 203, 310, 316 Coal, 253, 392 Combustion chemistry, 1, 24, 253, 261 biomass burning, 273 Computer simulation, 304 atmospheric chemistry, 109, 145, 149, 151, 156, 160, 207-208 motor vehicle emissions, 254, 285 see also Models Condensed phase measures, 203-204, 316 Connecticut, 99 Cost factors emission control technology, 86 NAAQS attainment, 80 Convective forces, 94-97 Data bases, aerometric, 312-314, 316, 320, 341, 347, 348 Decision trees, 58, 65 Demography, of exposure, 34-36, 68-69 Department of Energy, 3, 15, 427 Detroit, Michigan, 104 Diesel fuel, 261, 392, 400 Read the entire page →
From page 493... ... INDEX Differential optical absportion spectra, 198 Diffusion scrubbing fluorescence, 197, 198 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, 197-198 Dynamometers, 7, 284, 288 Eastern Regional Air Quality Study, 99, 100 Economic factors, 262 cost factors, 80, 86 funding, research, 15 Educational measures, 86 Electricity power plants, 1, 262, 294, 392, 402-403 vehicles, 14, 381, 383, 384, 392, 402403 Electrochemical sondes, 201, 202 EMFAC7E, 254 Emission controls, 5, 7-8, 10, 31, 43, 74, 82-86, 87, 284 computer simulation, 254, 285 biogenic emissions, 244, 364, 365, 377 emissions inventories and, 281, 300 EPA, extraordinary measures, 74, 86 isopleths, 173-175, 186, 359 models, 351-377 nitrogen compounds, 5-6, 7, 10, 244, 351-377 regional trends, 5, 362-373 sulfur compounds, 5 temperature factors, 86 urban areas, 359-377, 381 VOC, 11-13, 8~8, 173-185, 351-377, 403 Emission factor models, 254 EMFAC7E, 254 MOBILEE4, 254 Emissions inventories, 49, 78, 79-81, 87, 90, 251-302 atmospheric measurements versus, 288-299 biogenic, 252, 263-280, 289, 290-291, 302, 411 California, 254, 263, 284 emission controls and, 281, 300 EPA, 252-255, 279-280, 299-300 error and uncertainty, 261, 262, 271273, 280-283, 288, 289-290, 294296, 377 hydrocarbons, general, 269-270, 285286 lightning and nitrogen compounds, 273-277 meteorological factors, 262 methodology, 79-81, 90, 251-302 motor vehicles, 253-255, 283-288, 261, 300-302 493 nitrogen compounds, 252-253, 261262, 273-280, 282, 285, 286, 288, 289-290, 296-301 OTA, 256-257 regulations, general, 251, 283 rural areas, 294-297 SIPs, 78, 79-81, 87, 90, 290, 293, 294 soil, 218, 277-280 spatial factors, 261, 262 urban areas, 289-294, 284, 289-294 VOCs, 252, 255-261, 284, 285-302 Empirical kinetic modeling approach (EKMA) , 81, 82, 90, 164, 173, 175, 186, 304, 348-350, 351-357, 401, 408 Enclosure techniques, biogenic inventories, 265-266 Environmental chambers, 150-153, 160, 164, 211, 393-395 Environmental Protection Agency, 1-2, 3, 6, 29, 30, 67 CFCs, 425 '126 emission controls, extraordinary, 74, 86 emission inventories, 252-255, 279-280, 299-300 meteorological data, 309-310 models, including EKMA, 81, 82, 90, 164, 173, 175, 186, 304, 315, 348 350, 351-357, 401, 408, 423 monitoring, 7, 30-32, 43-49, 61, 64, 69, 7~89, 98-99, 309-310, 320 motor vehicle emissions, 253-W research, 15, 16 see also National Ambient Air Quality Standards; State Implementation Plans Enzymatic fluoromet~y, 197, 198, 203 Errors and error analysis biogenic emission inventories, 271273, 302, 411 emission inventories, 261, 262, 271273, 280-283, 288, 289-290, 294296, 377 models, 8, 10, 310, 312, 320-321, 345346, 329-346, 350 Ethane, 386 Ethanol, 14, 136-138, 385, 391, 401402, 411 Europe, 22, 23, 94, 261 Federal government, 2, 15, 150, 423, 425427 see also Environmental Protection Agency Federal Implementation Plan, 76, 83 84 Federal Test Procedure, 7, 254, 288 Field studies, 205-208, 287 Read the entire page →
From page 494... ... 494 Finite-difference techniques, 309, 318 Flame ionization detectors, 195-197, 198 Fog, 177-178, 203, 419 Forests, 272, 294 soils, 280 tropical, 212, 218, 229, 247-248, 266, 272 Formaldehyde, 111, 115, 144, 146, 147, 194, 197-198, 208, 343, 411 Fossil fuels coal, 253, 392 combustion chemistry, 1, 24, 253, 261, 392 Fourier transform infrared spectra, 144, 146, 147, 191, 195, 198 Fuels diesel, 261, 392, 400 see also Alternative fuels; Gasoline Funding, 15 Gas chromatography, 146, 195-197, 198, 199, 259 Gasoline, 13-14, 82, 83, 162, 261, 381, 383, 385-386, 400L401, 407, 408, 411 Geoecology Data Base, 268 Geographic factors, 5 tropospheric ozone, 1-2 see also Regional trends; Rural areas; Suburban areas; Urban areas Global trends, 97-98, 413-424 carbon monoxide, 416, 421 greenhouse effect, 22, 98, 109, 413-417 models, 97-98, 419, 422424 soil emissions, 278 VOCs, 416, 417, 422 Global Tropospheric Chemistry Program, 15, 427 Goddard Institute for Space Studies/HaIvard Chemical Transport Model, 423 Greenhouse effect, 22, 98, 109, 413-417 Gnd-based models, 10, 79, 81, 164, 297298, 304-306, 309-311, 315-350, 359-377, 395, 401, 408-409 Halocarbons, 22 Health issues, 2, 5, 22, 31-37, 41, 55 aromatic hydrocarbons, 184 demography of exposure, 34-36, 6~69 historical perspectives, 23 models, urban areas, 33-34 occupational exposures, 35-36, 44 regulatory, 29 respiratory system, 32-33 skin cancer, 19 Historical perspectives of air pollution, 4 alternative fuels, 393 Clean Air Act, 67 RETHINKING THE OZONE PROBLEM Eastern U.S., 98-99 Europe, 23 meteorological factors, 50-61 models, 350 precursor emissions, 48-50 regulatory, 2, 4, 6 research, 19, 21-22, 23-24, 163, 204205, 263, 285 tropospheric ozone concentrations, 21-22, 23-24, 30-32, 41-65 MONO, 17~179, 182 Houston, Texas, 60 Hybrid models, 306, 309 Hydrocarbons, 23, 49, 132 emission inventories, 269-270, 285-286 measurement, 195-197, 202, 203, 204, 206-207, 208-209 see also Volatile organic compounds; specific compounds Hydrogen fuels, 14, 381, 391 Hydrogen peroxide, 202-203 Hydroxyl radical, 26, 110, 111, 113, 115, 117-118, 120-122, 124-162, 168, 178, 182, 200, 201, 231-237, 247, 417, 418, 419, 420-421 Indoor air pollution, 35-36 tunnels, 284286 Industrial plants, see Stationary sources Infrared spectra, 144, 146, 147, 191, 195, 198, 287-288 Isop1eths, 16~173, 186, 247, 340, 350-353, 359 Isoprene, 139-149, 158, 160, 231, 238, 241, 263, 27~273, 291, 316, 364 International perspectives Montreal Protocol, 16, 22, 419 see also specific countries Ketones, 143, 145, 147, 149, 197, 19~199 Laboratory studies, 15 see also Environmental chambers Lake Michigan Ozone Study, 11 LANDSAT, 268 Laser-induced fluorescence, 189, 19~191, 195, 197, 200 Laser spectra, 19~191, 192, 203 Laws Clean Air Act, 1~, 5, 15, 29, 30, 36, 67-74, 78, 304, 426 Montreal Protocol, 16, 22, 419 Lightning, 95-96, 27~277 Lightning Data Base, 277 Light scattering, 178 Liquefied petroleum gas, 391, 402 Los Angeles, California, 49, 52-55, 56, 82, Read the entire page →
From page 495... ... development of, 68 nitrogen compounds, measurement of, 6-7, 9, 188-194, 211-212, 215 224, 289 oxidants, measurement of, 199-203 remote sensing, 287-288, 31~301 sampling, general, 79, 191-192, 208 spectroscopic measurements, 144, 146, 147, 19~191, 192, 195, 198, 200-201, 203, 287-288 VOCs, measurement of, ~8, 9, 48, 81-82, 195-199, 209, 211-212, 224-249 see also Emissions inventories; Errors and error analysis; Models; Statistical programs and activities Methyl t-butyl ether, 138, 385 Methyl vinyl ketone, 143, 145, 147, 149 MIESR, 200-201 MOBILES, 286 MOBILE4, 254 Models, 6, 8, 9-11, 15, 16, 160, 303-350, 425 acid rain, 315-316, 318 ADOM, 315-316 aerometric data bases, 312-314, 316, 320, 341, 347, 348 air quality, 303-350 algorithms, 8, 10, 272 alternative fuels, emissions, 393, 39~395 atmospheric chemistry, 109-162, 164, 169, 207-208, 305, 307-308 biogenic emissions, 272, 316, 318, 3tiS boundary and initial conditions, 304 306, 309, 310-311, 316, 320, 339-340, 341, 348 chemical transport models, 422-423, 424 clouds, 310, 316 EKMA, 81, 82, 90, 164, 173, 175, 186, 304, 348-350, 351-357, 401, 403 Read the entire page →
From page 496... ... 496 RETHINKING THE OZONE PROBLEM 404, 408 emission controls, 351-377 emission estimation, general, 253-254, 272, 286, 290, 300-302, 395-399 errors and error analysis, 8, 10, 310, 312, 320-321, 345-346, 329-346, 350 finite-difference techniques, 309, 318 global, 97-98, 419, 422-424 grid, 10, 79, 81, 164, 297-298, 304, 314, 315-350, 357, 359-377, 395, 401, 408-409 health effects and, 33-34 isopleths, 16~173, 186, 247, 340, 350 353, 359 mathematical relations, general, 304, 309, 318, 393, 394-395 meteorological factors, general, 10, 20, 23, 60, 76-77, 149, 206-208, 286, 305, 306-310, 315-318, 346, 347 348 multispecies comparisons, 342 NAAQS/SIP-related, 10, 76-80, 81, 82, 90-91, 303, 304, 305, 311 312,314,328,334,348,350, 353-357 natural gas, as motor vehicle fuel, 14 NEM, 34 nitrogen compounds, 303, 305, 316, 320, 328-329, 334, 341, 343, 350, 353-357, 361, 365, 422, 424 numerical procedures, 304, 305, 306, 309, 318, 338-339, 426 RADM, 315-316 regional, 10, 11, 95, 106-107, 109, 311, 315-329, 425 regulations and, 346, 365 ROM, 95, 309, 315, 316-329, 364 368, 372 ROMNEI, 87 rural areas, 316, 320, 321 spatial factors, general, 309-310, 328, 335 SURE, 99-100, 315 temperature factors, 309 time factors, 309-310, 321, 335, 346 urban areas, 151, 164, 17~175, 186, 305-306, 310-311, 335, 346-347, 353-377, 401 VOC/nitrogen compound ratios, 12 13, 79, 91, 163-173, 186, 206, 288, 290, 296, 340, 353-358, 361 VOCs, 303, 316, 320, 329, 334, 336, 341, 343-344, 348, 350, 353-358, 365, 376, 422, 424 water and water vapor, 306 wind, 10, 69, 106-107, 286, 306, 309 310, 316, 320-321, 365 see also Computer simulation; Statistical programs and activities Moisture, see Water and water vapor Monitoring, 2, 5, 44, 187-210 ambient air, 78-79 California, 44, 52-55, 56, 238, 244-245 EPA/SIP, 7, 30-32, 43-49, 61, 64, 69, 7~89, 9~99, 309-310, 320 nitric acid, 191-193, 208, 224 nitrogen compounds, 6-7, 9, 188-194, 211-212, 215-224, 289 sampling, general, 79, 191-192, 208 statistical programs, regulatory 44, 5051 vegetation effects, 37-38 VOCs, 6-8, 9, 48, 81-82, 195-199, 209, 211-212, 224-249 see also Emissions inventories Monoterpenes, 139-144, 146-147, 160 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 16, 22, 419, 426 Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association, 3 Motor vehicles, 1, 7, 24, 28, 31, 82 computer simulations, 254, 285 dynamometers, 7, 284, 288 electric, 14, 381, 383, 384, 392, 402403 emissions controls, 85-86, 87, 284 emissions inventories, 25~255, 28 288, 261, 300 302 emissions methodologies, other, 40 405 emissions projections, 379, 395 EPA, 253-254 heavy-duty, 392, 400 remote sensing, 287-288, 300-301 temperature factors, 254 tunnels, 284-286 see also Alternative fuels; Diesel fuel; Gasoline Mountains, 318-319 National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP) , 238, 244, 245 246, 254, 255-256, 259-260, 261, 28~281, 318, 364, 365 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 15, 150, 425427 National Air Monitoring Systems/State and Local Air Monitoring Systems, 78 National Air Pollution Background Estimate, 99-100 National Air Pollution Emission Estimates: 194~}1988, 80 National Ambient Air Quality Standards, Read the entire page →
From page 497... ... states and cities North American Consortium for Atmospheric Modeling of Regional Air Quality, 425 Northeast Regional Oxidant Study, 320 NOX, see Nitrogen oxides and nitric oxide; Nitrogen dioxide Numerical procedures, 304, 305, 306, 309, 318, 33~339, 426 Occupational exposures, 35-36, 44 Occupational Health and Safety Administration, 44 Oceans, see Marine areas Office of Technology Assessment, 80, 82, 83 emission inventories, 25~257 Organic peroxy radicals, 112, 135 Orographic meteorology, 318-319 Oxygen, 134, 13~138 Particulates, 177-178, 180, 184, 185, 392, Read the entire page →
From page 498... ... , 87 Regional trends, 24, 27-29, 42, 96-97, 98 105 biogenic emissions, 268 demography of exposure, 3~36, 6~69 Eastern U.S., 9~105 emission controls, 5, 362-373 grid models, 311, 315-329, 359-377 lightning, 27~277 mesosca1e transport, 28, 96-97, 318 meteorology, 28-29, 9~97, 98-105 models, 10, 11, 95, 106-107, 109, 311, 315-329, 425 synoptic transport, 28-29, 212 Regression techniques, 51, S8-61, 191 Regulations, 2, 29-30, 38, 41, 43 alternative fuels, 405-409 emissions inventories, 251, 283 models, general, 346, 365 statistical programs, 9, 31, 205 see also Emission controls; Environmental Protection Agency; Standards; State Implementation Plans Remote sensing, 287-288, 300 301 Research program, 14-16, 425-427 Respiratory system, 32-33 Rural areas, 2, 8, 93, 99, 106, 207-208, 248, 29~297, 421 boundary layers, 212-214 emissions inventories, 294-297 models, 316, 320, 321 nitrogen compounds, 192-193, 218223, 248, 36~364 seasonal factors, 99-100, 103, 104 time factors, 99, 213 VOC/nitrogen compound ratios, 12, 296-299 VOCs, 224, 228-229, 24~249, 36~364 see also Forests; Vegetation Sampling, 79, 191-192, 208 see also Emissions inventories San Joaquin Valley Air Quality Study/Atmospheric Utility Signatures, Predictions, and Experiments, 11, 207, 314, 343 SAROAD, 320 Seasonal factors, 9, 101, 203, 205 biogenic emissions, 9, 263, 264, 278, 289, 302 lightning, 274-277 rural areas, 99-100, 103, 104 temperature, general, 9, 31, 205 Read the entire page →
From page 499... ... , 99-100, 315 Sulfur compounds, 96, 178, 180, 190, 251, 286 alternative fuels, 392 emission control, 5 Summer, 9, 31, 94, 98, 100-102, 104-105, 206-207, 212, 214, 244, 296 biogenic emissions, 264, 289 urban, nitrogen compounds, 21~218 Temperature factors, 50, 59~0, 62 64, 93-94, 103, 112, 128, 212, 225, 241 biogenic emissions, 263-264, 267, 268, 272 emission control effectiveness, 86 greenhouse effect, 22, 98, 109, 413-417 lightning, 95, 273-274 marine boundary layer, 97, 421 models, 309 motor vehicle emissions, W seasonal, 9, 31, 205 soil emissions, 280 stratosphere, 19-21 urban areas, 59~0, 62-63 VOC/nitrogen oxide ratios, 152 Terpenes, 263, 272-273, 291 Texas City, Texas, 216 Time factors, 3, 105, 281 biogenic emissions, 268-269 formaldehyde, 198 models, general, 309-310, 321, 335, 346 NAAQS, 11 17, 52, 56, 68, 7~75 real time, 251, 252, 287 rural areas, 99, 213 suburban areas, 245 urban areas, 216-217, 244, 293 VOCs, 224-225, 240, 242, 244-245, 293, 299-300 Time series analysis, 335, 346 Tropical forests, 212, 218, 229, 247-248, 266, 272 Tropical soils, 278 Read the entire page →
From page 500... ... , 335, 346 347, 352, 359, 361, 373-375 Urban areas, 2, 5, 8, 22, 23, 94, 99, 104 107, 194, 419421 alternative fuels, motor vehicles, 13, 14, 381, 395-399, 409-410 biogenic emissions, 242, 243-244, 270, 290-291, 302 emission controls, 359-377, 381 emissions inventories, 289-294, 284, 289-294 health effects of ozone exposure, 3 34 measurement techniques, other than inventories, 194, 198, 206-207, 289-294 meteorology, 23, 218 models, 151, 164, 173-175, 186, 305 306, 310-311, 335, 346-347, 35 377, 401 particulates, 180 NAAQS, 4647, 68, 69-74 nitrogen compounds, 214-218, 212, 214, 221, 222, 290, 351-377, 382, 417 photochemical oxidation, 27-28, 121 size factors, 99 temperature factors, 59~0, 62-63 time factors, 216-217, 244, 293 VOCs, 7, 194, 224-228, 231-246, 290, 382, 417 VOC/NOx ratios, 11-13, 14, 81-82, 151, 164, 173-175, 186, 206, 290, 340, 359-362, 373-375, 376, 381, 399, 410 see also specific cities Vegetation, 97, 139, 238, 263, 268, 272 effects of ozone on, 37-38 forests, 272, 294 tropical forests, 212, 218, 229, 247-248, 266, 272 see also Biogenic emissions Virginia, 37 Volatile organic compounds, 1, 2, 6-7, 23 RETHINKING THE OZONE PROBLEM 24, 26, 130-138, alternative fuels, 386-388, 394, 399, 401, 403-405, 410 atmospheric observations of, 211-249 biogenic, 8-9, 139-149, 265-273, 290 291 chlorofluorocarbons, 15, 22, 417, 425 426 emission controls, 11-13, 8~8, 173 185, 351-377, 403 emissions inventories, 252, 255-261, 284, 285-302 global trends, 416, 417, 422 hydroxyl radical and, 111, 124, 168 measurement of, 187-210 modeling, 303, 316, 320, 329, 334, 336, 341, 343-344, 348, 350, 353-358, 365, 376, 422, 424 monitoring and measurement, 6-8, 9, 48, 81-82, 195-199, 209, 211 212, 224-249 motor vehicle emissions, 379-381, 386 388, 403-405 NAAQS, 75, 76, 77, 80, 82-83 nitrogen compound ratios, 11-13, 79, 81-82, 91, 116-118, 121-186, 206, 211-212, 258-259, 286, 288, 290, 296-299, 340, 351-377, 340, 361, 376, 399, 404405, 410 relationship to ozone and associated pollutants, 163-186 rural areas, 224, 228-229, 248-249, 363-364 time factors, 224-225, 240, 242, 244 245, 293, 299-300 urban areas, 7, 194, 224-228, 231-246, 290, 382, 417 versus NOX controls, 351-377 see also specific compounds Washington, D.C., 31, 60, 173-174, 328 Water and water vapor, 60, 119 acid rain, 78, 109, 119-120, 177 clouds, 93, 95-96, 113, 178 fog, 177-178, 203, 419 global trends, 417, 419 models, 306 photochemistry, 26 precipitation, 205 Weather, see Meteorological factors Winds, 64, 93, 94, 97, 104-105, 106 biogenic emissions, 267 models, 10, 69, 106-107, 286, 306, 309310, 316, 320-321, 365 oceanic, 95 Winter, 9 stratospheric ozone, 416 Read the entire page →

From page 491...

... Index Acetylene, 289, 290 Acid deposition and oxidant model (ADOM) , 315-316 Acid rain, 78, 109, 119-120, 177 models, 315-316, 318 NAPAP, 238, 244, 245-246, 254, 255256, 259-260, 261, 280-281, 318, 364, 365 Acids, 194, 199 see also Nitric acid Advection, 309, 318 Aerometric data bases, 312-314, 316, 320, 341, 347, 348 Aerometric Information Retrieval System, 316, 320 Aerosols, 26, 177, 208, 310 Air quality models, see Models Alabama, 207 Alcohol fuels, 14 see also Ethanol; Methanol Aldehydes, 171, 194, 197, 198-199 see also Formaldehyde Algorithms, 8, 10, 272 Alkanes, 124, 130-132, 151, 158, 160, 173, 296 ALkenes, 124, 132-134, 151, 157-158, 160, 381 Alternative fuels, 13-14, 135-138, 162, 379411 California, 388, 390, 395, 399, 405406, 408 carbon monoxide emissions, 379, 381, 386, 388, 389, 399, 401, 403, 491 404, 405, 410 history, 393 models, emissions, 393, 394-395 nitrogen dioxide emissions, 399 nitrogen oxides and nitric oxide, 379, 381, 386, 389-390, 399, 401, 403, 410 regulations, 405-409 standards, 388, 390 sulfur compounds, 392 urban areas, general, 13, 14, 381, 395399, 409410 VOC emissions, 386-388, 394, 399, 401, 403-405, 410 see also specific~els Altitude mixing height, 340, 346 troposphere, 19-20 American Petroleum Institute, 3, 87 Ammonia, 178, 192, 197 AP42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, 252-253, 259 Antarctic ozone hole, 22, 416 Atlanta, Georgia, 31, 105, 23~236, 270 Atmospheric chemistry, 109-162 Atmospheric Utility Signatures, Predictions, and Experiments, 11, 207, 314-315, 343 Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research Program, 386, 400401 Automobiles, see Motor vehicles Baltimore, Maryland, 62, 328

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From page 492...

... 492 Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 238, 241, 242 Beaumont, Texas, 173-174 Bias, see Errors and error analysis Biogenic emissions, 8-9, 24, 29, 139-149, 158, 224-225, 233-234, 411, 421 biomass burning, 273 control strategies, 244, 364, 365, 377 definition, 2 errors and uncertainty, 271-273, 302, 411 inventories, 252, 263-280, 289, 290-291, 302, 411 isoprene, 139-149, 158, 160, 231, 238, 241, 263, 272-273, 291, 316, 364 models, 272, 316, 318, 365 monoterpenes, 139-144, 146-147, 160 seasonal factors, 9, 263, 264, 278, 289, 302 soil, 218, 277-280 solar radiation and, 272 temperature factors, 26~264, 267, 268, 272 terpenes, 263, 272-273, 291 time factors, 268-269 urban areas, 242, 243-244, 270, 290 291, 302 Boston, Massachusetts, 63, 217, 328 Boundary and initial conditions, 10, 11, 94, 96, 99, 211-214, 221 marine boundary layer, 95, 97, 212, 218, 222-224, 230, 248, 421, 423 models, 304-306, 309, 310-311, 316, 320, 339-340, 341, 348 rural areas, 212-214 stratospheric incursions into troposphere, 23, 414, 421 urban areas, 212, 214, 310-311 winds, 95 California, 30, 37, 49 alternative fuels, 388, 390, 395, 399, 405-406, 408 emission control strategies, 82 emission inventories, 254, 263, 284 monitoring, general, 44, 52-55, 56, 238, 244-245 SCAQS, 11, 285-286, 314-315, 343 S] VAQS/AUSPEX, 11, 207, 314, 343 see also Los Angeles Canada, 261, 316, 320 Carbon compounds biomass burning, 273 emission control, 5 global trends, 421 see also Fossil fuels; Hydrocarbons; Volatile organic compounds; specific compounds Carbon monoxide, 96, 111, 144, 159 RETHINKING THE OZONE PROBLEM alternative fuels, 379, 381, 386, 388, 389, 399, 401, 403, 404, 405, 410 global trends, 416, 421 measurement, 193, 194-195, 201, 205, 206, 209, 251, 284-288, 296-299, 300 301 Carbonyl compounds, 135, 135, 161, 170, 197, 208 Catalytic conversion, 193, 194, 389 Chemiluminescence, 189, 190-191, 201, 202, 203 Chlorine, 184-185, 419 Chlorofluorocarbons, 15, 22, 417, 425-426 Chromatography, 146, 193, 19S-197, 198, 199, 259 California Institute of Technology Model 359 Classification techniques meteorological, 51, 55-58, 65 NAAQS nonattainment areas, 68-76 VOC inventories, 259 Clean Air Act, 14, 5, 29, 30, 67-74, 304, 426 acid rain, 78 historical perspective, 67 indoor air pollution, 36 mandated NAS study on ozone precursors, 3 research, 15, 426 see also National Ambient Air Quality Standards; State Implementation Plans Clean Air Science Advisory Committee, 30 Cleveland, Ohio, 216 Clouds, 93, 95-96, 113, 178, 203, 310, 316 Coal, 253, 392 Combustion chemistry, 1, 24, 253, 261 biomass burning, 273 Computer simulation, 304 atmospheric chemistry, 109, 145, 149, 151, 156, 160, 207-208 motor vehicle emissions, 254, 285 see also Models Condensed phase measures, 203-204, 316 Connecticut, 99 Cost factors emission control technology, 86 NAAQS attainment, 80 Convective forces, 94-97 Data bases, aerometric, 312-314, 316, 320, 341, 347, 348 Decision trees, 58, 65 Demography, of exposure, 34-36, 68-69 Department of Energy, 3, 15, 427 Detroit, Michigan, 104 Diesel fuel, 261, 392, 400

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From page 493...

... INDEX Differential optical absportion spectra, 198 Diffusion scrubbing fluorescence, 197, 198 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, 197-198 Dynamometers, 7, 284, 288 Eastern Regional Air Quality Study, 99, 100 Economic factors, 262 cost factors, 80, 86 funding, research, 15 Educational measures, 86 Electricity power plants, 1, 262, 294, 392, 402-403 vehicles, 14, 381, 383, 384, 392, 402403 Electrochemical sondes, 201, 202 EMFAC7E, 254 Emission controls, 5, 7-8, 10, 31, 43, 74, 82-86, 87, 284 computer simulation, 254, 285 biogenic emissions, 244, 364, 365, 377 emissions inventories and, 281, 300 EPA, extraordinary measures, 74, 86 isopleths, 173-175, 186, 359 models, 351-377 nitrogen compounds, 5-6, 7, 10, 244, 351-377 regional trends, 5, 362-373 sulfur compounds, 5 temperature factors, 86 urban areas, 359-377, 381 VOC, 11-13, 8~8, 173-185, 351-377, 403 Emission factor models, 254 EMFAC7E, 254 MOBILEE4, 254 Emissions inventories, 49, 78, 79-81, 87, 90, 251-302 atmospheric measurements versus, 288-299 biogenic, 252, 263-280, 289, 290-291, 302, 411 California, 254, 263, 284 emission controls and, 281, 300 EPA, 252-255, 279-280, 299-300 error and uncertainty, 261, 262, 271273, 280-283, 288, 289-290, 294296, 377 hydrocarbons, general, 269-270, 285286 lightning and nitrogen compounds, 273-277 meteorological factors, 262 methodology, 79-81, 90, 251-302 motor vehicles, 253-255, 283-288, 261, 300-302 493 nitrogen compounds, 252-253, 261262, 273-280, 282, 285, 286, 288, 289-290, 296-301 OTA, 256-257 regulations, general, 251, 283 rural areas, 294-297 SIPs, 78, 79-81, 87, 90, 290, 293, 294 soil, 218, 277-280 spatial factors, 261, 262 urban areas, 289-294, 284, 289-294 VOCs, 252, 255-261, 284, 285-302 Empirical kinetic modeling approach (EKMA) , 81, 82, 90, 164, 173, 175, 186, 304, 348-350, 351-357, 401, 408 Enclosure techniques, biogenic inventories, 265-266 Environmental chambers, 150-153, 160, 164, 211, 393-395 Environmental Protection Agency, 1-2, 3, 6, 29, 30, 67 CFCs, 425 '126 emission controls, extraordinary, 74, 86 emission inventories, 252-255, 279-280, 299-300 meteorological data, 309-310 models, including EKMA, 81, 82, 90, 164, 173, 175, 186, 304, 315, 348 350, 351-357, 401, 408, 423 monitoring, 7, 30-32, 43-49, 61, 64, 69, 7~89, 98-99, 309-310, 320 motor vehicle emissions, 253-W research, 15, 16 see also National Ambient Air Quality Standards; State Implementation Plans Enzymatic fluoromet~y, 197, 198, 203 Errors and error analysis biogenic emission inventories, 271273, 302, 411 emission inventories, 261, 262, 271273, 280-283, 288, 289-290, 294296, 377 models, 8, 10, 310, 312, 320-321, 345346, 329-346, 350 Ethane, 386 Ethanol, 14, 136-138, 385, 391, 401402, 411 Europe, 22, 23, 94, 261 Federal government, 2, 15, 150, 423, 425427 see also Environmental Protection Agency Federal Implementation Plan, 76, 83 84 Federal Test Procedure, 7, 254, 288 Field studies, 205-208, 287

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From page 494...

... 494 Finite-difference techniques, 309, 318 Flame ionization detectors, 195-197, 198 Fog, 177-178, 203, 419 Forests, 272, 294 soils, 280 tropical, 212, 218, 229, 247-248, 266, 272 Formaldehyde, 111, 115, 144, 146, 147, 194, 197-198, 208, 343, 411 Fossil fuels coal, 253, 392 combustion chemistry, 1, 24, 253, 261, 392 Fourier transform infrared spectra, 144, 146, 147, 191, 195, 198 Fuels diesel, 261, 392, 400 see also Alternative fuels; Gasoline Funding, 15 Gas chromatography, 146, 195-197, 198, 199, 259 Gasoline, 13-14, 82, 83, 162, 261, 381, 383, 385-386, 400L401, 407, 408, 411 Geoecology Data Base, 268 Geographic factors, 5 tropospheric ozone, 1-2 see also Regional trends; Rural areas; Suburban areas; Urban areas Global trends, 97-98, 413-424 carbon monoxide, 416, 421 greenhouse effect, 22, 98, 109, 413-417 models, 97-98, 419, 422424 soil emissions, 278 VOCs, 416, 417, 422 Global Tropospheric Chemistry Program, 15, 427 Goddard Institute for Space Studies/HaIvard Chemical Transport Model, 423 Greenhouse effect, 22, 98, 109, 413-417 Gnd-based models, 10, 79, 81, 164, 297298, 304-306, 309-311, 315-350, 359-377, 395, 401, 408-409 Halocarbons, 22 Health issues, 2, 5, 22, 31-37, 41, 55 aromatic hydrocarbons, 184 demography of exposure, 34-36, 6~69 historical perspectives, 23 models, urban areas, 33-34 occupational exposures, 35-36, 44 regulatory, 29 respiratory system, 32-33 skin cancer, 19 Historical perspectives of air pollution, 4 alternative fuels, 393 Clean Air Act, 67 RETHINKING THE OZONE PROBLEM Eastern U.S., 98-99 Europe, 23 meteorological factors, 50-61 models, 350 precursor emissions, 48-50 regulatory, 2, 4, 6 research, 19, 21-22, 23-24, 163, 204205, 263, 285 tropospheric ozone concentrations, 21-22, 23-24, 30-32, 41-65 MONO, 17~179, 182 Houston, Texas, 60 Hybrid models, 306, 309 Hydrocarbons, 23, 49, 132 emission inventories, 269-270, 285-286 measurement, 195-197, 202, 203, 204, 206-207, 208-209 see also Volatile organic compounds; specific compounds Hydrogen fuels, 14, 381, 391 Hydrogen peroxide, 202-203 Hydroxyl radical, 26, 110, 111, 113, 115, 117-118, 120-122, 124-162, 168, 178, 182, 200, 201, 231-237, 247, 417, 418, 419, 420-421 Indoor air pollution, 35-36 tunnels, 284286 Industrial plants, see Stationary sources Infrared spectra, 144, 146, 147, 191, 195, 198, 287-288 Isop1eths, 16~173, 186, 247, 340, 350-353, 359 Isoprene, 139-149, 158, 160, 231, 238, 241, 263, 27~273, 291, 316, 364 International perspectives Montreal Protocol, 16, 22, 419 see also specific countries Ketones, 143, 145, 147, 149, 197, 19~199 Laboratory studies, 15 see also Environmental chambers Lake Michigan Ozone Study, 11 LANDSAT, 268 Laser-induced fluorescence, 189, 19~191, 195, 197, 200 Laser spectra, 19~191, 192, 203 Laws Clean Air Act, 1~, 5, 15, 29, 30, 36, 67-74, 78, 304, 426 Montreal Protocol, 16, 22, 419 Lightning, 95-96, 27~277 Lightning Data Base, 277 Light scattering, 178 Liquefied petroleum gas, 391, 402 Los Angeles, California, 49, 52-55, 56, 82,

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From page 495...

... development of, 68 nitrogen compounds, measurement of, 6-7, 9, 188-194, 211-212, 215 224, 289 oxidants, measurement of, 199-203 remote sensing, 287-288, 31~301 sampling, general, 79, 191-192, 208 spectroscopic measurements, 144, 146, 147, 19~191, 192, 195, 198, 200-201, 203, 287-288 VOCs, measurement of, ~8, 9, 48, 81-82, 195-199, 209, 211-212, 224-249 see also Emissions inventories; Errors and error analysis; Models; Statistical programs and activities Methyl t-butyl ether, 138, 385 Methyl vinyl ketone, 143, 145, 147, 149 MIESR, 200-201 MOBILES, 286 MOBILE4, 254 Models, 6, 8, 9-11, 15, 16, 160, 303-350, 425 acid rain, 315-316, 318 ADOM, 315-316 aerometric data bases, 312-314, 316, 320, 341, 347, 348 air quality, 303-350 algorithms, 8, 10, 272 alternative fuels, emissions, 393, 39~395 atmospheric chemistry, 109-162, 164, 169, 207-208, 305, 307-308 biogenic emissions, 272, 316, 318, 3tiS boundary and initial conditions, 304 306, 309, 310-311, 316, 320, 339-340, 341, 348 chemical transport models, 422-423, 424 clouds, 310, 316 EKMA, 81, 82, 90, 164, 173, 175, 186, 304, 348-350, 351-357, 401, 403

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From page 496...

... 496 RETHINKING THE OZONE PROBLEM 404, 408 emission controls, 351-377 emission estimation, general, 253-254, 272, 286, 290, 300-302, 395-399 errors and error analysis, 8, 10, 310, 312, 320-321, 345-346, 329-346, 350 finite-difference techniques, 309, 318 global, 97-98, 419, 422-424 grid, 10, 79, 81, 164, 297-298, 304, 314, 315-350, 357, 359-377, 395, 401, 408-409 health effects and, 33-34 isopleths, 16~173, 186, 247, 340, 350 353, 359 mathematical relations, general, 304, 309, 318, 393, 394-395 meteorological factors, general, 10, 20, 23, 60, 76-77, 149, 206-208, 286, 305, 306-310, 315-318, 346, 347 348 multispecies comparisons, 342 NAAQS/SIP-related, 10, 76-80, 81, 82, 90-91, 303, 304, 305, 311 312,314,328,334,348,350, 353-357 natural gas, as motor vehicle fuel, 14 NEM, 34 nitrogen compounds, 303, 305, 316, 320, 328-329, 334, 341, 343, 350, 353-357, 361, 365, 422, 424 numerical procedures, 304, 305, 306, 309, 318, 338-339, 426 RADM, 315-316 regional, 10, 11, 95, 106-107, 109, 311, 315-329, 425 regulations and, 346, 365 ROM, 95, 309, 315, 316-329, 364 368, 372 ROMNEI, 87 rural areas, 316, 320, 321 spatial factors, general, 309-310, 328, 335 SURE, 99-100, 315 temperature factors, 309 time factors, 309-310, 321, 335, 346 urban areas, 151, 164, 17~175, 186, 305-306, 310-311, 335, 346-347, 353-377, 401 VOC/nitrogen compound ratios, 12 13, 79, 91, 163-173, 186, 206, 288, 290, 296, 340, 353-358, 361 VOCs, 303, 316, 320, 329, 334, 336, 341, 343-344, 348, 350, 353-358, 365, 376, 422, 424 water and water vapor, 306 wind, 10, 69, 106-107, 286, 306, 309 310, 316, 320-321, 365 see also Computer simulation; Statistical programs and activities Moisture, see Water and water vapor Monitoring, 2, 5, 44, 187-210 ambient air, 78-79 California, 44, 52-55, 56, 238, 244-245 EPA/SIP, 7, 30-32, 43-49, 61, 64, 69, 7~89, 9~99, 309-310, 320 nitric acid, 191-193, 208, 224 nitrogen compounds, 6-7, 9, 188-194, 211-212, 215-224, 289 sampling, general, 79, 191-192, 208 statistical programs, regulatory 44, 5051 vegetation effects, 37-38 VOCs, 6-8, 9, 48, 81-82, 195-199, 209, 211-212, 224-249 see also Emissions inventories Monoterpenes, 139-144, 146-147, 160 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 16, 22, 419, 426 Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association, 3 Motor vehicles, 1, 7, 24, 28, 31, 82 computer simulations, 254, 285 dynamometers, 7, 284, 288 electric, 14, 381, 383, 384, 392, 402403 emissions controls, 85-86, 87, 284 emissions inventories, 25~255, 28 288, 261, 300 302 emissions methodologies, other, 40 405 emissions projections, 379, 395 EPA, 253-254 heavy-duty, 392, 400 remote sensing, 287-288, 300-301 temperature factors, 254 tunnels, 284-286 see also Alternative fuels; Diesel fuel; Gasoline Mountains, 318-319 National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP) , 238, 244, 245 246, 254, 255-256, 259-260, 261, 28~281, 318, 364, 365 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 15, 150, 425427 National Air Monitoring Systems/State and Local Air Monitoring Systems, 78 National Air Pollution Background Estimate, 99-100 National Air Pollution Emission Estimates: 194~}1988, 80 National Ambient Air Quality Standards,

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From page 497...

... states and cities North American Consortium for Atmospheric Modeling of Regional Air Quality, 425 Northeast Regional Oxidant Study, 320 NOX, see Nitrogen oxides and nitric oxide; Nitrogen dioxide Numerical procedures, 304, 305, 306, 309, 318, 33~339, 426 Occupational exposures, 35-36, 44 Occupational Health and Safety Administration, 44 Oceans, see Marine areas Office of Technology Assessment, 80, 82, 83 emission inventories, 25~257 Organic peroxy radicals, 112, 135 Orographic meteorology, 318-319 Oxygen, 134, 13~138 Particulates, 177-178, 180, 184, 185, 392,

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From page 498...

... , 87 Regional trends, 24, 27-29, 42, 96-97, 98 105 biogenic emissions, 268 demography of exposure, 3~36, 6~69 Eastern U.S., 9~105 emission controls, 5, 362-373 grid models, 311, 315-329, 359-377 lightning, 27~277 mesosca1e transport, 28, 96-97, 318 meteorology, 28-29, 9~97, 98-105 models, 10, 11, 95, 106-107, 109, 311, 315-329, 425 synoptic transport, 28-29, 212 Regression techniques, 51, S8-61, 191 Regulations, 2, 29-30, 38, 41, 43 alternative fuels, 405-409 emissions inventories, 251, 283 models, general, 346, 365 statistical programs, 9, 31, 205 see also Emission controls; Environmental Protection Agency; Standards; State Implementation Plans Remote sensing, 287-288, 300 301 Research program, 14-16, 425-427 Respiratory system, 32-33 Rural areas, 2, 8, 93, 99, 106, 207-208, 248, 29~297, 421 boundary layers, 212-214 emissions inventories, 294-297 models, 316, 320, 321 nitrogen compounds, 192-193, 218223, 248, 36~364 seasonal factors, 99-100, 103, 104 time factors, 99, 213 VOC/nitrogen compound ratios, 12, 296-299 VOCs, 224, 228-229, 24~249, 36~364 see also Forests; Vegetation Sampling, 79, 191-192, 208 see also Emissions inventories San Joaquin Valley Air Quality Study/Atmospheric Utility Signatures, Predictions, and Experiments, 11, 207, 314, 343 SAROAD, 320 Seasonal factors, 9, 101, 203, 205 biogenic emissions, 9, 263, 264, 278, 289, 302 lightning, 274-277 rural areas, 99-100, 103, 104 temperature, general, 9, 31, 205

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From page 499...

... , 99-100, 315 Sulfur compounds, 96, 178, 180, 190, 251, 286 alternative fuels, 392 emission control, 5 Summer, 9, 31, 94, 98, 100-102, 104-105, 206-207, 212, 214, 244, 296 biogenic emissions, 264, 289 urban, nitrogen compounds, 21~218 Temperature factors, 50, 59~0, 62 64, 93-94, 103, 112, 128, 212, 225, 241 biogenic emissions, 263-264, 267, 268, 272 emission control effectiveness, 86 greenhouse effect, 22, 98, 109, 413-417 lightning, 95, 273-274 marine boundary layer, 97, 421 models, 309 motor vehicle emissions, W seasonal, 9, 31, 205 soil emissions, 280 stratosphere, 19-21 urban areas, 59~0, 62-63 VOC/nitrogen oxide ratios, 152 Terpenes, 263, 272-273, 291 Texas City, Texas, 216 Time factors, 3, 105, 281 biogenic emissions, 268-269 formaldehyde, 198 models, general, 309-310, 321, 335, 346 NAAQS, 11 17, 52, 56, 68, 7~75 real time, 251, 252, 287 rural areas, 99, 213 suburban areas, 245 urban areas, 216-217, 244, 293 VOCs, 224-225, 240, 242, 244-245, 293, 299-300 Time series analysis, 335, 346 Tropical forests, 212, 218, 229, 247-248, 266, 272 Tropical soils, 278

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From page 500...

... , 335, 346 347, 352, 359, 361, 373-375 Urban areas, 2, 5, 8, 22, 23, 94, 99, 104 107, 194, 419421 alternative fuels, motor vehicles, 13, 14, 381, 395-399, 409-410 biogenic emissions, 242, 243-244, 270, 290-291, 302 emission controls, 359-377, 381 emissions inventories, 289-294, 284, 289-294 health effects of ozone exposure, 3 34 measurement techniques, other than inventories, 194, 198, 206-207, 289-294 meteorology, 23, 218 models, 151, 164, 173-175, 186, 305 306, 310-311, 335, 346-347, 35 377, 401 particulates, 180 NAAQS, 4647, 68, 69-74 nitrogen compounds, 214-218, 212, 214, 221, 222, 290, 351-377, 382, 417 photochemical oxidation, 27-28, 121 size factors, 99 temperature factors, 59~0, 62-63 time factors, 216-217, 244, 293 VOCs, 7, 194, 224-228, 231-246, 290, 382, 417 VOC/NOx ratios, 11-13, 14, 81-82, 151, 164, 173-175, 186, 206, 290, 340, 359-362, 373-375, 376, 381, 399, 410 see also specific cities Vegetation, 97, 139, 238, 263, 268, 272 effects of ozone on, 37-38 forests, 272, 294 tropical forests, 212, 218, 229, 247-248, 266, 272 see also Biogenic emissions Virginia, 37 Volatile organic compounds, 1, 2, 6-7, 23 RETHINKING THE OZONE PROBLEM 24, 26, 130-138, alternative fuels, 386-388, 394, 399, 401, 403-405, 410 atmospheric observations of, 211-249 biogenic, 8-9, 139-149, 265-273, 290 291 chlorofluorocarbons, 15, 22, 417, 425 426 emission controls, 11-13, 8~8, 173 185, 351-377, 403 emissions inventories, 252, 255-261, 284, 285-302 global trends, 416, 417, 422 hydroxyl radical and, 111, 124, 168 measurement of, 187-210 modeling, 303, 316, 320, 329, 334, 336, 341, 343-344, 348, 350, 353-358, 365, 376, 422, 424 monitoring and measurement, 6-8, 9, 48, 81-82, 195-199, 209, 211 212, 224-249 motor vehicle emissions, 379-381, 386 388, 403-405 NAAQS, 75, 76, 77, 80, 82-83 nitrogen compound ratios, 11-13, 79, 81-82, 91, 116-118, 121-186, 206, 211-212, 258-259, 286, 288, 290, 296-299, 340, 351-377, 340, 361, 376, 399, 404405, 410 relationship to ozone and associated pollutants, 163-186 rural areas, 224, 228-229, 248-249, 363-364 time factors, 224-225, 240, 242, 244 245, 293, 299-300 urban areas, 7, 194, 224-228, 231-246, 290, 382, 417 versus NOX controls, 351-377 see also specific compounds Washington, D.C., 31, 60, 173-174, 328 Water and water vapor, 60, 119 acid rain, 78, 109, 119-120, 177 clouds, 93, 95-96, 113, 178 fog, 177-178, 203, 419 global trends, 417, 419 models, 306 photochemistry, 26 precipitation, 205 Weather, see Meteorological factors Winds, 64, 93, 94, 97, 104-105, 106 biogenic emissions, 267 models, 10, 69, 106-107, 286, 306, 309310, 316, 320-321, 365 oceanic, 95 Winter, 9 stratospheric ozone, 416

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Index Pages 491-500

Index
Pages 491-500