Marine Aquaculture Opportunities for Growth (1992) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Status of Aquaculture
Status of Aquaculture
Pages 20-63
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 20... ...
freshwater aquaculture is provided in Appendix B AN OVERVIEW OF AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES WORLDWIDE World aquaculture production in 1988 reached 14 million metric tons (mmt)
|
From page 21... ...
The East Asian countries of China, Japan, the two Koreas, Taiwan, and the Philippines together account for about three-quarters (11 mmt) of the world's aquaculture production, with China alone accounting for nearly one-half the
|
From page 22... ...
Of the 7 mmt of finfish produced in 1988, 6 mmt represented freshwater species, including carp and tilapia grown mostly in Asia. Less than 1 mmt of marine finfish were produced, including roughly 200,000 metric tons each of milkfish, Japanese yellowtail (amberjack)
|
From page 23... ...
The technology is currently being developed for a few other marine species (e.g., abalone, red drum, scallops, striped bass, and white sturgeon) , but as yet they are produced commercially in insignificant quantities.
|
From page 24... ...
in 1980 to 15.5 pounds per capita in 1990 (see Figure 1-1~.2 The last few years have shown more or less stable per capita consumption despite the fact that prices for fish are increasing faster than for meat and poultry products. From 1980 to 1990 the consumer price index (CPI)
|
From page 25... ...
The trade deficit in edible fishery products alone has risen from approximately $1.8 billion in 1980 to $3.2 billion in 1989. The trade deficit increased from $2.6 billion in 1980 to $5.5 billion in 1990 (see Figure 2-2)
|
From page 26... ...
Department of Commerce, Fisheries of the United States 1980-1990 (various issues)
|
From page 27... ...
Most of the success to date has been with salmonids: in particular, coho, chinook, sea-run rainbow trout, and Atlantic salmon on the West Coast, and Atlantic salmon and sea-run rainbow trout on the East Coast. .A number of fledgling and experimental operations are attempting to culture other species: hybrid striped bass in the mid-Atlantic, Southeast, and Southwest; red drum in the Southeast; dolphin (mahi mahi)
|
From page 28... ...
28 MARINE AQUACULTURE Red drum (Sciaenops ocellatusj harvested from an experimental intensive culture pond in South Carolina.
|
From page 29... ...
Another serious constraint is the closure of shellfish beds for public health reasons because of human pollution and/or blooms of toxic unicellular algae (red tides) (Virginia Sea Grant, 1990~.
|
From page 30... ...
Production of the Pacific oyster in Washington was reported to be 29,378 metric tons in 1988 (Chew and Toba, 1991) , exceeding that of American oyster production from the East Coast (including the once most productive Chesapeake Bay area)
|
From page 31... ...
31 ~ _ 1 >: 1 2~ _ _ i: f ~ ~~ _ kin i'1 ~~ ~ .~ it_ ~ r '~ ~~ _ _: 1 Newly set hard clams are grown in "upwellers" in an indoor nursery to the size of about 3mm before moving to outdoor culture systems.
|
From page 32... ...
straints on leasing and harvesting. The technology for clam culture is well developed, including hatchery production of seed; however, production of algal food for hatchery and nursery operations is a severe economic and technical constraint in most areas.
|
From page 33... ...
was introduced inadvertently with Pacific oyster seed shipments from Japan and now has grown to be a major component of the shellfish production for the state of Washington. Natural brood stocks have been established for the Manila clam, and with the increase in demand, new hatcheries have been built to produce Manila clam seed for planting on open natural beds or with clam netting over natural beds.
|
From page 34... ...
production of farmed shrimp in 1990 was estimated at 900 metric tons (on a head-on basis) (Rosenberry, 1991~.
|
From page 35... ...
Shellfish Opportunities A focus of aquaculture research efforts in the 1970s was the American lobster (Homarus americanus)
|
From page 36... ...
SOURCES: U.S. Department of Commerce, Fisheries of the United States (various issues)
|
From page 37... ...
Although this has proved uneconomical to date, the escalating value of lobsters, particularly in foreign markets, may change the economics in the near future. Except for solving the intractable problem of cannibalistic behavior, the technology for rearing lobsters, including hatchery production of juveniles, is well established.
|
From page 38... ...
of growing Pacific salmon to "pan size" over one season (i.e., one season postmolt) originated in the Puget Sound area of Washington in the early 1970s (Naef, 19711.
|
From page 39... ...
highly successful, that practice has now all but disappeared. During the 1980s however, the Norwegians began cage culture of Atlantic salmon over two growing seasons (i.e., 18 months from smolt)
|
From page 40... ...
For the above reasons, many entrepreneurs, including Norwegian and other foreign investors, who initially attempted to establish salmon farms in Maine and Washington, moved north to British Columbia Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout cage culture in Maine.
|
From page 41... ...
In 1989, Norway, the acknowledged leader in salmon aquaculture, produced 116,164 metric tons of farmed Atlantic salmon (FAO, 19911. Because this followed an unusually productive season for farmed salmon (see Figure 2-7)
|
From page 42... ...
SOURCE: Urner Barry Seafood Price: Current (various issues) ; Economic Report of the President (various issues)
|
From page 43... ...
Current performance of the industry is therefore difficult to assess. In 1989, farmed salmon and steelhead proRed drum eggs, approximately 15 hours old.
|
From page 44... ...
, which is known also as reddish, is common in south Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico waters, where it is esteemed highly by sports fishermen and consumers. A great deal of interest in the culture of red drum has developed in recent years owing to increased consumer appeal, implementation of fishing restrictions (particularly limiting commercial take)
|
From page 45... ...
_ of_ i__ a_ Go__ I ~~— Production facility (the Fishery, Sacramento, California) for culturing striped bass, white sturgeon, and catfish.
|
From page 46... ...
Other Marine Finfish Of the various warmwater marine finfish species, striped bass (Morone saxatilis) , white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus)
|
From page 47... ...
could be replaced with much less expensive plant-based foods such as catfish feed (Szyper et al., 19841. A number of other marine finfish species that are harvested in capture fisheries in U.S.
|
From page 48... ...
of several small commercial nori culture projects in the Puget Sound area. Objections to these raftlike operations, on aesthetic or environmental grounds, have caused most if not all of them to close down or move (mostly to British Columbia)
|
From page 49... ...
MARINE FISHERIES ENHANCEMENT Marine fisheries/stock enhancement is the release or stocking of hatchery-reared juvenile fish, mollusks, crustaceans, or other organisms into a natural marine environment where they will supplement the existing population and thereby expand opportunities for harvesting, rebuilding declining populations, or establishing new populations. These activities take two forms: (1)
|
From page 50... ...
waters, including walleye and northern pike in several states outside their native range and striped bass on the West Coast. Current planting of fish in public waters (fresh and marine)
|
From page 51... ...
In the last 20 years, a number of enthusiasts have used the available salmon propagation technology developed by state and federal hatcheries to encourage investment in private ocean ranching of salmon. However, the lack of clear ownership of the fish has been one of the priState of California's Nimbus Salmon and Steelhead Hatchery.
|
From page 52... ...
mary problems with private for-profit ocean ranching. The fact that the salmon rancher cannot recover any compensation from commercial or sport fishermen that intercept these fish before they return to their release points has contributed to the economic collapse of most operations.
|
From page 53... ...
A new study of these issues is under way by the National Research Council. Two other anadromous fish for which there are significant stock enhancement efforts are the striped bass and some species of sturgeon.
|
From page 54... ...
However, the juvenile index again declined after reopening to limited fishing, so stock enhancement efforts are likely to continue. The striped bass population in the Gulf of Mexico has never been as large as that of the Chesapeake Bay.
|
From page 55... ...
A number of other marine species could also potentially benefit from aquaculture-based stock enhancement efforts. These include haddock, cod, mullet, flounder, and red snapper for commercial use and snook, tarpon, white sea bass, and spotted sea trout for recreational fisheries (Sandifer et al., 19881.
|
From page 56... ...
A recent study of the southwestern New Brunswick salmonid cage culture industry estimated that a 24-cage site producing 91 metric tons of Atlantic salmon would have total capital costs of approximately $220,000 (1987 U.S. dollars)
|
From page 57... ...
For example, Canadian and Norwegian interests dominate the salmon aquaculture industry in the United States. Investors from Taiwan recently began operating the largest U.S.
|
From page 58... ...
As aquaculture production increases worldwide, the demand for fish meal and other feed ingredients will increase, possibly driving up feed prices. Developing means by which farmers can achieve better feed conversions and, more important, derive better growth rates per dollar spent on feed is important to the ultimate profitability of aquaculture.
|
From page 59... ...
2U.S. per capita consumption figures include domestically cultured oysters, clams, and catfish, but do not include domestically cultured salmon, trout, or other species (U.S.
|
From page 60... ...
Sandifer, ed. The World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, La.
|
From page 61... ...
Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 15 :254-265.
|
From page 62... ...
1984. Historical overview of striped bass culture and management.
|
From page 63... ...
1990. Commercial culture of hybrid striped bass.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.