Marine Aquaculture Opportunities for Growth (1992) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix D: Sociocultural Aspects of Domestic Marine Aquaculture
Appendix D: Sociocultural Aspects of Domestic Marine Aquaculture
Pages 253-268
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From page 253... ...
In assessing the impact of new industries on social structures, the social sciences look not just at technical factors such as number of ponds, species cultured, or value of product, but at sociocultural aspects of the industry such as the types of units of production, requirements for capital and labor, and distribution of employment opportunities. Social scientists ask who benefits and how are the benefits distributed throughout society?
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From page 254... ...
Given the fact that marine aquaculture is the "domestication" of fish and shellfish and the introduction of technology and social structures to accomplish this, the aim of the social sciences is to take a long-term perspective of the associated social costs and benefits of such changes. SCOPE AND METHODS The social aspects of the marine aquaculture industry refer to the sociological, demographic, and cultural elements of the marine aquaculture industry.
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From page 255... ...
The implicit goal is to increase the number of producers of farm-reared fish and shellfish. Thus although the United States does not have an explicit marine aquaculture development plan, the effort nonetheless fits the general model of planned economic development.
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From page 256... ...
Through investigation of the cultural context of the production unit activity, FSR targets the concerns of the household or production unit, such as lack of credit, the lengthy and problematic permitting process, lack of labor to attend to fish ponds or to guard against poachers, or attitudes such as fear of losing freedom and time for other activities. We need to understand the integrated social aspects of farming (or aquaculture)
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From page 257... ...
The investigators have noted that the nutritional base of local populations suffers as the production shifts toward the lucrative export market; that the development of marine aquaculture affects land values, resulting in the displacement of certain groups; that the water body becomes privately controlled as opposed to open to multiple use and public access; that the local employment base is augmented; that there is not much mobility among labor, manager/technical, and ownership roles; and that changes in production techniques and processes of economic development affect the amount and distribution of community wealth (Smith, 1991~. The focus of marine aquaculture development has implications for the mix and provision of services such as extension, education, credit, and research and development.
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From page 258... ...
Finally, demographic information on the developing United States marine aquaculture industry helps forecast labor, education, and training requirements. Social scientists can help identify the challenges that lie ahead and must be faced including contentious issues of conflicts with recreational boating, multiple use, and questions about who benefits (distributional questions)
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From page 259... ...
. Salmon Ranching in Alaska Alaska's cold and clean waters, large expanses of uninhabited areas, and protected waterways are all desirable attributes for siting fish farms.
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From page 260... ...
The larger salmon hatcheries tend to be operated by regional aquaculture associations composed of limited entry license holders (the commercial fishermen noted above) , and they usually employ up to 30 individuals on a full-time basis, with additional employees on a seasonal basis.
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From page 261... ...
Despite the fact that these states are not "ocean" states, they are "marine" states in that they are eligible to participate in many federal marine programs such as coastal zone management, marine sanctuaries, Sea Grant, and national seashores. Additionally, the Great Lakes states are coastal states, and aquaculture development in this region may experience the same conflicts and challenges as the conventional coastal states have experienced, particularly with respect to sociocultural aspects.
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From page 262... ...
If such constraints could be overcome, yellow perch aquaculture could reduce stress on wild stocks, reduce the region's dependence on outside sources for fish, and help promote and continue a local cultural tradition. Texas Shrimp Farming With imports contributing nearly 75 percent of the shrimp consumed in the United States, there would seem to be a strong incentive to develop a viable domestic shrimp marine aquaculture industry in this country.
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From page 263... ...
The political and sociocultural milieu for marine aquaculture in Texas is improving. There has been a recent shift in state responsibility for marine aquaculture development from the Department of Natural Resources to the Department of Agriculture, and appointment is expected of a state marine aquaculture liaison officer to coordinate development between the state agencies and the legislature.
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From page 264... ...
There is usually little value-added work to the product bY the producers and most crabbers are not involved in distributing or ~ ~ -- -- rip marketing the crabs. Sea Grant marine extension specialists and agents have worked with crabbers to improve the holding and handling techniques, and the effort has paid off.
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From page 265... ...
State law upholds the importance of protecting traditional fishing rights and giving priority consideration to the needs of lobstermen and shrimpmen by prohibiting marine aquaculture development in areas that interfere with traditional lobster grounds or with established nearshore navigation routes. In the process, marine aquaculture in Maine has been transformed from a white-collar occupation pursued by wealthy outsiders, investors, scientists,
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From page 266... ...
Domestic marine aquaculture development is likely to cluster around two general social structural types. The first type is small-scale aquaculture where the household or extended family is the production unit (such as soft-shell crabs, small-scale salmon pen rearing, some shrimp aquaculture)
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From page 267... ...
Conte, Aquaculture Specialists, Cooperative Extension, University of California, Davis; Rick DeVoe, South Carolina Sea Grant Consortium; David Dow, Executive Director, Lobster Institute and Sea Grant Extension Specialists, Maine Sea Grant Program; Kevin Duffy, Salmon Rehabilitation and Enhancement Coordinator, Alaska Department of Fish and Game; Mike Ednoff, Aquaculture Development Representative, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services; John Ewart, Delaware Sea Grant Marine Advisory Service; Don Garling, Professor, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University and Extension Fisheries Specialists; David Landkamer, Assistant Aquaculture Extension Specialists, Minnesota Department of Fish and Wildlife; Carter Newell, Great Eastern Mussel Farm; Terry Nosho, Aquaculture Extension
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From page 268... ...
NOTES 1. The views expressed herein represent the authors' and do not necessarily represent the views of the federal government, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or the National Sea Grant College Program.
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