Marine Aquaculture Opportunities for Growth (1992) / Chapter Skim
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Introduction
Introduction
Pages 9-19
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Freshwater culture of fish and crustaceans (primarily catfish and crayfish) represents the fastest growing agricultural industry in the United States (DeVoe and Mount, 1989; Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission, 19904.
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All of the marine species, except oysters, are in the early stages of commercial development in the United States, and most projects have yet to achieve sustained economic viability.
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INTROD UCTION Pounds of Edible Meat 20 15 10 o ' 1 1 197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990 11 / Year FIGURE 1-1 U.S. per capita consumption of seafood 1979-1990.
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In addition, immigration of large numbers of cultural groups from East and Southeast Asia has created a growing consumer market for seafood. The increased consumer demand comes at a time when yields from capture fishing are beginning to peak, an opinion reinforced by the consensus that virtually all of the established major world fisheries and most of the recently discovered and exploited resources are already fished at, if not beyond, their limit of sustainable yield (Royce, 1989~.
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Marine aquaculture provides the basis for rejuvenating the seafood processing industry in some areas, including the production, manufacture, and processing of nonfood products from marine culture, such as pharmaceuticals and ornamental fish. The advantages of marine aquaculture over traditional fisheries for local economies include year-round industries and the development of a technically skilled work force (for further discussion of the social and cultural aspects of marine aquaculture on local economies, see Appendix D)
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The sector of the U.S. marine aquaculture industry that is focused on designing and engineering operating systems is experiencing a growth in demand for export of systems and expertise to other countries seeking to establish technology-based marine aquaculture operations.
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A major conclusion from this investigation was that "constraints on orderly development of aquaculture tend to be political and administrative, rather than scientific and technological." Among those identified were multiple-use conflicts, legal constraints, and difficulty in locating capital for entrepreneurial investment. This report examines the widespread view that despite progress in the area of national policy for aquaculture passage of the National Aquaculture Act of 1980 (P.L.
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16 MARINE AQUACULTURE _-~ A .. i: .~ ~ ~ 5~ Culture of ornamental reef fish pygmy angels in spawning tank.
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From the viewpoint of many experts on coastal resources policy, marine aquaculture needs to be included in a national framework for managing coastal resources that balances competing uses and values in the national interest in order to provide a level of predictability necessary for planning commercial aquaculture ventures. At the state and local levels, the issue of property rights for the marine aquaculture industry, including the leasing of submerged lands and/or the water column, remains unaddressed in most states and is a major disincentive to would-be entrepreneurs who have no legal means of protecting the products of their endeavors.
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Existing technical and university programs do not provide adequate education, training, or research and technology development essential to stimulate the growth of this high-technology industry in the United States. Nor do present extension services provided through federal agencies (e.g., USDA and the National Sea Grant College Program)
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1990. Fisheries of the United States.
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