Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals Volume 18 (2014) / Chapter Skim
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1 Bromine Chloride
1 Bromine Chloride
Pages 13-36
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From page 13... ...
Both the document and the AEGL values were then reviewed by the National Research Council (NRC) Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels.
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From page 14... ...
Bromine chloride is used as a water-treatment biocide and in organic synthesis involving addition across olefinic double bonds to produce bromochloro compounds and for aromatic brominations, where an aromatic bromide and hydrogen chloride are produced. Bromine chloride also has application as a brominating agent in the preparation of fire-retardant chemicals, pharmaceuticals, high-density brominated liquids, agricultural chemicals, dyes, and bleaching agents.
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From page 15... ...
. In addition, a modifying factor of 3 was applied to account for the sparse data on bromine chloride and the uncertainty in the exposure concentrations in the Dow Chemical study.
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From page 16... ...
. Bromine chloride is used in organic synthesis involving addition across olefinic double bonds to produce bromochloro compounds, and for aromatic brominations, where an aromatic bromide and hydrogen chloride are produced.
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From page 17... ...
at 25ºC IPCS 2009 3 Conversion factors 1 ppm = 4.72 mg/m 1 mg/m3 = 0.212 ppm 2. HUMAN TOXICITY DATA No human data on the odor threshold, lethal concentrations, developmental toxicity, reproductive toxicity, genotoxicity, or carcinogenicity of bromine chloride were found.
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From page 18... ...
The halogen concentration estimates presented in Table 1-3 show that the concentration in the bottom of the chamber was roughly twice the concentrations of the middle and top of the chamber. The investigators estimated the actual exposure concentrations of bromine chloride in the acute lethality study as 4% of the nominal values.
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From page 19... ...
1977. TABLE 1-4 Mortality Data and Observations from a Study of Rats Exposed to Bromine Chloride Nominal Estimated actual concentration concentration Exposure (ppm)
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4.3. Structure-Activity Relationships In the atmosphere, bromine chloride is expected to exist in equilibrium with its dissociation and hydrolysis products, including chlorine, bromine, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen bromide.
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From page 21... ...
Individuals with respiratory diseases or individuals under stress may be more susceptible to the effects of bromine chloride. TABLE 1-5 Comparison of LC50 Values for Bromine Chloride and Its Dissociation and Hydrolysis Products Chemical 30 min 1h 2h 3h 6h 7h Mouse Chlorinea 127 137 <170 <10 - ~250 b Bromine 174 – 240 >40 <22 >750 c Hydrogen chloride 2,600 1,108 – – – – d Hydrogen bromide – 814 – – – – Rat Bromine chloride – – – – – 98d a Chlorine 700 293-455 – – – – b Bromine – – – – – – c Hydrogen chloride 4,700 3,124 – – – – e f Hydrogen bromide >1,300 2,858 – – – – a NRC 2004a.
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From page 22... ...
6.2. Animal Data Relevant to AEGL-2 Seven-hour exposures of rats to analytically-determined concentrations of bromine chloride at 20, 40, 80, or 120 ppm resulted in mortality rates of 0/6, 0/6, 1/6, and 5/6, respectively (Dow Chemical Co.
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From page 23... ...
7.2. Animal Data Relevant to AEGL-3 Seven-hour exposures of rats to estimated concentrations of bromine chloride at 20, 40, 80, or 120 ppm resulted in mortality rates of 0/6, 0/6, 1/6, and 5/6, respectively (Dow Chemical Co.
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From page 24... ...
The AEGL values derived for bromine chloride are supported by comparison to AEGL values for its dissociation and hydrolysis products. However, additional studies of the acute toxicity of bromine chloride, with analysis of actual exposure concentrations and speciation of the compounds in the exposure chamber, should be conducted to refine the AEGL-3 values and provide data relevant to AEGL-2 and AEGL-1 end points.
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From page 25... ...
Absence of an AEGL-1 value does not imply that exposures below the AEGL-2 value are without adverse effects. TABLE 1-9 AEGL Values for Bromine Chloride and Its Dissociation and Hydrolysis Products Exposure Duration Classification 10 min 30 min 1h 4h 8h Bromine Chloride AEGL-1 NRa NRa NRa NRa NRa AEGL-2 1.1 ppm 1.1 ppm 0.83 ppm 0.53 ppm 0.37 ppm AEGL-3 3.2 ppm 3.2 ppm 2.5 ppm 1.6 ppm 1.1 ppm Chlorine (NRC 2004a)
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From page 26... ...
2001. Standing Operating Procedures for Developing Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Chemicals.
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1991. Relative acute toxici ties of hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen bromide in nose- and pseudo-mouth-breathing rats.
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77 2993. Submitted to EPA by Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, with Cover Letter Dated 05/28/92.
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From page 29... ...
Calculations: 10-min AEGL-3: Set equal to the 30-min AEGL-3 value of 3.2 ppm, because of the uncertainty associate with time-scaling a 7-h point-of-departure to a 10-min value.
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From page 30... ...
30 Accute Exposure Guideline Levels AP PPENDIX B CATEG GORY PLOT FOR BROMIN NE CHLORID DE FIGUR RE B-1 Category y plot of toxicity data and AEGL L values for brom mine chloride. E B-1 Data Useed in Category Plot TABLE P for Brominne Chloride Source Species ppmm Minutes Category AEGL-2 1.1 10 AEGL AEGL-2 1.1 30 AEGL AEGL-2 0.83 60 AEGL AEGL-2 0.53 240 AEGL AEGL-2 0.37 480 AEGL AEGL-3 3.2 10 AEGL AEGL-3 3.2 30 AEGL AEGL-3 2.5 60 AEGL AEGL-3 1.6 240 AEGL AEGL-3 1.1 480 AEGL Dow Cheemical Co.
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From page 31... ...
is the cumulative normal distribution function Dependent variable = Effect Independent variable = Dose Slope parameter is not restricted Total number of observations = 3 Total number of records with missing values = 0 Maximum number of iterations = 250 Relative Function Convergence has been set to: 1e-008 Parameter Convergence has been set to: 1e-008 User has chosen the log transformed model Default Initial (and Specified) Parameter Values Background = 0 Intercept = -9.28868 Slope = 2.05319 Asymptotic Correlation Matrix of Parameter Estimates (*
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From page 32... ...
P-value Full model -5.40673 3 Fitted model -5.40679 2 0.000114402 1 0.9915 Reduced model -11.4573 1 12.101 2 0.002357 AIC: 14.8136 Goodness of Fit Dose Estimated Probability Expected Observed Size Scaled Residual 40.0000 0.0000 0.000 0.000 6 -0.008 80.0000 0.1666 1.000 1.000 6 0.000 120.0000 0.8334 5.000 5.000 6 -0.000 Chi-square = 0.00 d.f. = 1 P-value = 0.9940 Benchmark Dose Computation Specified effect = 0.05 Risk Type = Extra risk Confidence level = 0.95 BMD = 69.4182 BMDL = 39.372 Probit Model.
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From page 33... ...
-background have been estimated at a boundary point, or have been specified by the user, and do not appear in the correlation matrix) intercept slope intercept 1 -1 slope -1 1 Parameter Estimates 95.0% Wald Confidence Interval Variable Estimate Standard Error Lower Conf.
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From page 34... ...
34 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels Benchmark Dose Computation Specified effect = 0.01 Risk Type = Extra risk Confidence level = 0.95 BMD = 60.1816 BMDL = 27.4878 LogProbit Model with 0.95 Confidence Level LogProbit 1 0.8 Fraction Affected 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 BMDL BMD 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 dose 12:38 09/11 2013 FIGURE C-1 LogProbit model with 0.95 confidence level.
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From page 35... ...
Modifying factor: 3, to account for the sparse database and uncertainty in the exposure concentrations in the key study. Animal-to-human dosimetric adjustment: Not applied (Continued)
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From page 36... ...
36 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels AEGL-3 VALUES Continued Time scaling: Cn × t = k; default values of n = 3 for extrapolating to shorter durations and n = 1 for extrapolating to longer durations (NRC 2001)
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