Emerging Viral Diseases The One Health Connection: Workshop Summary (2015) / Chapter Skim
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A1 Animal Reservoirs of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus--Jonathan H. Epstein and Kevin J. Olival
A1 Animal Reservoirs of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus--Jonathan H. Epstein and Kevin J. Olival
Pages 119-132
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Olival1 Introduction Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a newly recognized group C b-coronavirus within the family Coronaviridae that was first isolated from a Saudi patient suffering from severe respiratory disease in June 2012 (Zaki et al., 2012)
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. Here we review current evidence for the animal origins of MERS-CoV and the involvement of a domestic animal reservoir, dromedary camels, in human infection.
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showed that the virus did not use the ACE2 receptor and that it was able to replicate in a variety of animal cell lines, suggesting the possibility of a broad mammalian host range including nonhuman primates, pigs, and multiple species of bats (Muller et al., 2012)
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His business was a hardware shop with a large warehouse, and although bats were observed foraging in a palm grove behind the warehouse, there was no evidence of bats roosting inside the building, which again suggested direct contact with bats or their excreta inside his home or business was unlikely. Seven different species of bats representing four families (Rhinopoma hardwickii, Rhinopoma microphyllum, Taphozous perforatus, Pipistrellus kuhlii, Eptesicus bottae, Eidolon helvum, and Rosettus aegyptiacus)
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. As previously noted, in vitro studies of host range using cell lines suggested a breadth of potential hosts.
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. The first study to provide evidence of a domestic animal host found IgG antibodies specific to MERS-CoV in dromedary camel herds in Oman and the Canary Islands (Reusken et al., 2013b)
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. Definitive proof of transmission from camels to humans, or of a potential mechanism for transmission, has not yet been characterized, although there is a preponderance of serological evidence now that MERS-CoV is circulating widely in camels both in the Middle East and in parts of Africa (Chu et al., 2014; Corman et al., 2014a; Perera et al., 2013; Reusken et al., 2014b)
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further studies are warranted to determine whether MERS-CoV is circulating in human populations in Africa. Discussion and Future Research Needs While there has been an abundance of data collected that suggests an apparent ubiquity of MERS-CoV infection in camels both in the Middle East and Africa, little is understood about potential mechanisms of zoonotic transmission or the frequency of zoonotic transmission.
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) and overlap with approximate geographic range of dromedary camels (blue)
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Multidisciplinary, ecological, and virological studies of MERS coronavirus will help further elucidate possible wildlife origins; mechanisms for primary human infections; risk factors for human infection; and the mechanisms and frequency of spillover from bats to camels or other domestic livestock, all of which would help answer the question of whether MERS-CoV is a recently emerging virus in humans or one which has simply escaped detection until 2012. As with SARS-CoV in China or Nipah virus in Bangladesh, the risk of human infection may be reduced when the proximal source of infection (e.g., pteropid bats and date palm sap for Nipah virus)
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2014. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia.
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2014. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camels: An outbreak investigation.
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2013. Genetic characterization of betacoronavirus lineage c viruses in bats reveals marked sequence divergence in the spike protein of pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5 in Japanese pipistrelle: Implications for the origin of the novel Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus.
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2014. Stability of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in milk.
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