Emerging Viral Diseases The One Health Connection: Workshop Summary (2015) / Chapter Skim
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A3 Emerging Infectious Diseases: Threats to Human Health and Global Stability--David M. Morens and Anthony S. Fauci
A3 Emerging Infectious Diseases: Threats to Human Health and Global Stability--David M. Morens and Anthony S. Fauci
Pages 136-143
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. Emerging Infectious Diseases: Threats to Human Health and Global Stability.
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. TABLE A3-1 Some Major Factors That Underlie Disease Emergence and Reemergence The Microbial Agent The Human Host The Human Environment Genetic adaptation and Human susceptibility to Climate and weather change infection Poly microbial diseases Human demographics and Changing ecosystems behavior International trade and travel Economic development and land use Intent to harm (bioterrorism)
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. Definition and Concepts Two major categories of emerging infections -- newly emerging and reemerging infectious diseases -- can be defined, respectively, as diseases that are recognized in the human host for the first time; and diseases that historically have infected humans, but continue to appear in new locations or in drug-resistant forms, or that reappear after apparent control or elimination (Fauci and Morens, 2012)
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It was soon apparent, however, that the disease was not restricted to these groups, and indeed, the bulk of HIV infections globally has resulted from heterosexual transmission that has been heavily weighted within the developing world, particularly sub-Saharan Africa where a number of factors were responsible for this rapid spread; chief among these were human movement along truck routes accompanied by a high level of commercial sex work, inadequate public health infrastructures, poverty, and social inequality. Other examples of disease emergences (Committee on Microbial Threats to Health, 1992; Fauci and Folkers, 2012; Fauci and Morens, 2012; Karesh et al., 2012; Morens and Fauci, 2012; Morens et al., 2004, 2008; Morse, 2004; Morse et al., 2012; WHO, 2013)
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The lack of additional hosts undoubtedly drove the mosquitoes that are the vectors of dengue and the dengue virus itself to favor adapting to humans and to their behaviors and environments. The association of dengue with Aedes mosquitoes that live in and around human habitations mean that crowding, poor sanitation, and poverty provide ideal environments for transmission to humans (Laughlin et al., 2012)
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Pathogenic microorganisms can undergo rapid genetic changes, leading to new phenotypic properties that take advantage of changing host and environmental opportunities. Influenza viruses serve as a good example of emerging and reemerging infectious agents in their ability to rapidly evolve in response to changing host and environmental circumstances via multiple genetic mechanisms.
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2012. Emerging infectious diseases in 2012: 20 years after the insti tute of medicine report.
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2012. Genomic characterization of a newly discovered coronavirus associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome in humans.
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