Emerging Viral Diseases The One Health Connection: Workshop Summary (2015) / Chapter Skim
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A4 Emerging Infectious Diseases in 2012: 20 Years After the Institute of Medicine Report--David M. Morens and Anthony S. Fauci
A4 Emerging Infectious Diseases in 2012: 20 Years After the Institute of Medicine Report--David M. Morens and Anthony S. Fauci
Pages 144-151
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From page 144... ...
Fauci7 Abstract Twenty years ago (1992) , a landmark Institute of Medicine report entitled Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States underscored the important but often underappreciated concept of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs)
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Two decades after the IOM report, it is appropriate to ask what has been learned about EIDs, where have we succeeded or failed in our efforts to fight them, and what challenges remain. The Perpetual Threat of Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases As predicted in 1992 (Committee on Microbial Threats to Health, 1992)
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Now in its 18th year, the journal has published nearly 10,000 articles and has become standard reading for many in the disciplines of microbiology, clinical infectious diseases, public health, and allied medical fields. Other microbiology and general medical journals emphasizing EIDs have been established, e.g., PLoS Pathogens, or expanded their coverage of EIDs, e.g., the Journal of Infectious Diseases and Vaccine, while mBio and other journals published by the American Society for Microbiology (ASM)
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also reveal previously unimagined genomic diversity among microbes. This diversity includes complex and evolving viral quasispecies and microbes that have undergone considerable interbacterial horizontal gene transfer, creating new phenotypic properties of virulence and drug resistance.
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From page 148... ...
Moreover, host-switching is not just a one-way street from other animals to humans. For example, Ebola virus, a devastating disease for humans, has decimated African gorilla populations; in the United States, suburban expansion associated with deforestation has driven raccoons into the suburbs, increasing rabies transmission to and from them; and a human strain of Staphylococcus aureus has adapted to chickens, spread globally, and developed new mutations enhancing avian virulence (Lowder et al., 2009; Pedersen and Davies, 2009)
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. Both traditional historical research and study of phylogenetic trees derived from gene sequencing of modern organisms have added significantly to these efforts, leading, for example, to the discovery that the initial jump of what became known as HIV from nonhuman primates to humans probably occurred nearly a century ago with multiple independent host-switching events that ultimately led to the pandemic that was first recognized in 1981 (Sharp and Hahn, 2011)
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This challenge includes a need for constant surveillance and prompt, efficient diagnosis; a need to develop and deploy new vaccines and drugs to combat new diseases; and a need for ongoing research not only in developing countermeasures but also in understanding the basic biology of new organisms and our susceptibilities to them. The future is ever uncertain, because unimagined new diseases surely lie in wait, ready to emerge unexpectedly; however, our ability to detect and identify them, our armamentarium of treatment and prevention options, our capacity to undertake and maintain basic and applied research, and our commitment to eradicating certain EIDs have never been greater.
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From page 151... ...
1994. Addressing emerging infectious disease threats.
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