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Emerging Viral Diseases The One Health Connection: Workshop Summary (2015) / Chapter Skim
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A8 The Relationship Between Eco-social System Changes, the AnimalHuman Interface, and Viral Disease Emergence--Dirk U. Pfeiffer
Pages 184-196

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From page 184...
... 2013. Seroepidemiology for MERS coronavirus using microneutralisation and pseudoparticle virus neutralisation assays reveal a high prevalence of antibody in dromedary camels in Egypt, June 2013.
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From page 185...
... The European Environment Agency published a global megatrends study that predicted, among a number of other trends, for the next 30 to 100 years an increasing scarcity of natural resources, increasing economic divergence, increasing urbanisation, and increasing risk of wild animal species extinction and biodiversity loss (Anonymous, 2011)
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From page 186...
... Southeast Asia have experienced a period of exponential growth resulting in the highest meat production density. This pattern is likely to continue with continuing economic development in Asian countries where human population density is already very high, but also in other regions of the world such as Africa and South America.
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From page 187...
... An important driver for this development has been cost-effectiveness together with a demand for increased product variety and quality. An example for this situation is the sevenfold increase in the value of imports of pigs and pig meat products to China from other parts of the world between 2005 and 2011 as a consequence of increased demand for product quality combined with increased purchasing power of Chinese middle class consumers (see Figure A8-3)
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From page 188...
... The connectivity avalanche occurs at a particular point when adding further connections converts a pattern consisting of multiple clusters into a so-called giant highly connected component with only few isolated nodes remaining, and eventually results in a single connected network (Seeley, 2007)
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From page 189...
... This has been facilitated by trade networks of live animals and their products, but probably primarily by human movement. The patterns of spread vary depending on the characteristics of the pathogen, livestock production system characteristics, socioeconomic factors, and the risk management measures put in place (Hui, 2006; Karesh et al., 2012; Plowright et al., 2008)
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From page 190...
... Wild waterfowl and poultry trade are the main mechanisms for long-distance spread, whereas local spread is influenced by the characteristics of the local poultry production system, in particular the density of ducks (Pfeiffer et al., 2011)
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From page 191...
... There are links between this production system and wild waterfowl populations, fighting cock activity, and large-scale industrial poultry production that will also influence spread. The risk management of HPAIV H5N1 in these populations is based on disease outbreak detection, followed by extensive poultry culling and potentially large-scale vaccination.
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From page 192...
... Increased demand from urban consumers has resulted in intensification of this type of trade activity, and thereby is likely to have provided an environment that supports virus maintenance as well as evolution, as reflected in the continuing emergence of new HPAIV H5N1 clades and variants of avian influenza. From Risk Assessment to Management Risk assessment of disease threats provides a synthesis of scientific evidence that is then used to develop appropriate risk management.
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From page 193...
... reviewed the role of science in decision making for animal and zoonotic diseases in the context of disease emergence and eco-social changes that have occurred in the past 30 years. He suggests the need to adopt an interdisciplinary approach to the science and to embed the risk assessment within a risk governance framework, such as developed by the International Risk Governance Council (Anonymous, 2008)
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From page 194...
... But it is important that the required science is purpose driven, ideally informed by risk assessment, and, for it to be useful, it needs to be embedded in risk governance frameworks that explicitly take account of the societal context within which risks occur and are to be managed.
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From page 195...
... 2009. World Development Report 2009: Reshaping economic geography.
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From page 196...
... 2011. Implications of global and regional patterns of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 clades for risk management.
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Key Terms

  • emerging viral
  • risk governance
  • food production
  • disease emergence
  • policy development

  • risk analysis
  • viral emergence
  • world economic
  • meat production
  • economic forum

  • production chains
  • human appropriation
  • production intensity
  • societal context
  • trade networks

  • net primary
  • governance framework
  • product quality
  • avian influenza
  • respiratory syndrome

  • novel coronavirus
  • global risk
  • pig production
  • viral disease
  • poultry production

  • international risk
  • value chains
  • forest cover
  • management policy
  • animal health


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