Emerging Viral Diseases The One Health Connection: Workshop Summary (2015) / Chapter Skim
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A9 From Risk Analysis to Risk Governance - Adapting to an Ever More Complex Future--Dirk U. Pfeiffer
A9 From Risk Analysis to Risk Governance - Adapting to an Ever More Complex Future--Dirk U. Pfeiffer
Pages 197-208
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From page 197... ...
A particular challenge is to obtain adequate understanding of the influence of human behaviour and to translate this into effective mechanisms leading to appropriate behaviour change where necessary. Both, the One Health and the ecohealth approaches reflect the need for such a holistic systems perspective, however the current implementation of risk analysis frameworks for animal health and food safety is still dominated by a natural or biomedical perspective of science as is the implementation of control and prevention policies.
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From page 198... ...
The article concludes stressing the need to embed risk analysis in animal health within risk governance frameworks so as to allow the development of more effective risk management policies, particularly when dealing with significant uncertainty in relation to the likelihood of disease occurrence and its consequences. Science and Knowledge As has been remarked by Hansson and Aven, it is essential to reflect on the role of science in the context of decision making when examining the use of risk analysis in policy development (Hansson and Aven, 2014)
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From page 199... ...
It is the aim of scientific research to reduce and where possible remove the uncertainty about cause-effect relationships, thereby improving the ability to effectively prevent or control diseases both in animal and human health. In this respect, the traditional perspective has been to emphasize the importance of the biomedical sciences, and the general view was that only reductionist science would lead to meaningful advances in scientific knowledge.
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From page 200... ...
. The One Health and ecohealth approaches are a result of this development; while these approaches vary somewhat in the underlying concepts, they are now likely to converge towards a single approach which should reduce confusion and therefore increase acceptance amongst stakeholders (Zinsstag, 2012)
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From page 201... ...
Attempts to regulate usage need to adopt a systems perspective able to take into account the variety of economic and social drivers that influence antimicrobial usage in humans as well as animals. Risk Analysis and Risk Governance A more effective link between scientific knowledge and policy development/ implementation has been achieved by the widespread adoption of risk analysis frameworks concerning animal health, food safety and many other areas (Anonymous, 2009; Anonymous, 2010; Anonymous, 2011; Vose, 2008)
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From page 202... ...
Stakeholders usually interpret animal health and food safety risk analysis frameworks as technical tools to support decision making, without realising or wanting to realise that they usually also require changes in institutional and organisational structures as well as behaviours, if they are to be effective. As part of a comprehensive review of risk analysis, the International Risk Governance Council (IRGC)
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From page 203... ...
. Pre-assessment, tolerability and acceptability components have a particularly strong stakeholder engagement emphasis, whereas risk appraisal and risk management are broadly similar to the risk assessment and risk management components in the OIE's risk analysis framework for animal health.
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From page 204... ...
There are various examples of this type of decision-making challenge, including global issues such as climate change or locally relevant ones such as tuberculosis control in cattle in Great Britain. Policy development is ultimately about making a judgment leading to a decision for a particular risk mitigation strategy, which will then either be effective (and potentially also accepted by stakeholders)
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From page 205... ...
Overall, the IRGC risk governance framework should be used as a model for an evolutionary adaptation of the current risk analysis frameworks for animal health and food safety that will take advantage of the experience with their use in the last 20 years and our
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From page 206... ...
The still widely used linear technocratic models for policy development have limited effectiveness when dealing with risks occurring within complex eco-social systems. The utility of the established risk analysis frameworks for animal health and food safety could be enhanced if they were subsumed into a risk governance framework that better recognises the wider meaning of the term ‘risk'.
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From page 207... ...
2013a. Terrestrial animal health code.
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From page 208... ...
2014. Risk governance for infectious diseases: exploring the feasibility and added value of the IRGC framework for Dutch infectious disease control.
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