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A10 A One Health Perspective on HPAI H5N1 in the Greater Mekong Sub-region--Dirk U. Pfeiffer, Martin J. Otte, David Roland-Holst, and David Zilberman
Pages 209-231

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From page 209...
... Otte,25 David Roland-Holst,26 and David Zilberman26 Abstract Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 has been a global concern for almost 10 years since its epidemic emergence in South-east Asia in 2003/2004. Despite large investment of resources into the region, the infection has not been eradicated and continues to result in outbreaks in poultry and a small number of human fatalities.
From page 210...
... While there is fear that the virus may mutate into a strain capable of sustained human-to-human transmission, the greatest impact to date has been on the highly diverse poultry food systems in some affected countries. In response to this, HPAI H5N1 control measures have focused on implementing prevention and eradication measures in poultry populations, with more than 175 million birds culled in South-east Asia alone.
From page 211...
... In a second wave of expansion in 2005/2006, HPAIV H5N1 reached Central Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and Africa. Despite major efforts to control HPAIV H5N1, it is now firmly established in parts of China, Viet Nam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Bangladesh, India and Egypt (Fournié et al., 2012)
From page 212...
... Primarily intended for egg production, their farmers transport them intermittently or continuously to graze in rice fields. In southern Viet Nam, particularly in the Mekong river delta, this itinerant livestock practice is widespread (Men, 2010)
From page 213...
... . In Cambodia and Lao PDR, the ‘formal', industrial poultry sector occupies a minor share in national poultry production (about 10% of poultry meat)
From page 214...
... Both anecdotal evidence and direct observation around the GMS reveal extensive, diverse, and continuous transboundary trade in poultry products, despite the fact that such trade is either forbidden or much more strictly circumscribed. These flows, especially of live birds and eggs, through both kinship and commercial networks can extend from sources to destinations hundreds of kilometres from border crossings (Fournié et al., 2012; Van Kerkhove, 2012)
From page 215...
... . In Cambodia and Lao PDR, HPAI H5N1 outbreaks occurred sporadically, and are probably associated with cross-border poultry trade: in the case of south-eastern Cambodia as spillover from southern Viet Nam and in Lao PDR as a result of poultry trade with southern China and northern Viet Nam.
From page 216...
... Northern Viet Nam seems to be subject to more frequent introductions of virus from southern China, whereas the Mekong river delta may have a local reservoir of circulating virus. Mechanisms for local maintenance of virus presence are unclear, but are particularly important in southern Viet Nam (and bordering areas of Cambodia)
From page 217...
... Considering these system features, it would seem that production systems involving waterfowl, such as in rice producing river delta areas, have the highest potential to maintain the virus locally, whereas the systems dominated by chickens produced for subsistence or small to medium scale commercial production are likely to require introduction from elsewhere, either through wild birds or through live poultry trade (Tiensin et al., 2009)
From page 218...
... . This finding is consistent with spatial cluster analyses conducted for Viet Nam which identified clusters in the Red and Mekong river deltas (Pfeiffer et al., 2007)
From page 219...
... . In Viet Nam, policy development at national level is driven by state actors, i.e.
From page 220...
... . Viet Nam implemented a wide range of control measures, including largescale culling, movement controls and closure of live poultry markets, banning poultry keeping in some major cities, and campaigns to educate the public about preventive measures.
From page 221...
... In subsequent waves, targeted culling of high-risk bird populations immediately adjacent to infected farms was employed, dramatically reducing the number of birds culled. From 2005 onwards, Viet Nam launched comprehensive, nationwide vaccination campaigns for all birds, to a large extent funded by donors (Vu, 2009)
From page 222...
... Given that investing in biosecurity has a fixed cost component, cost per bird protected will be lower for larger production units than for smaller production units, hence economic incentives differ by scale of production (in addition to the fact that larger flocks may have more transactions and therefore often more risky contacts than small flocks)
From page 223...
... . The high costs required to build the necessary infrastructure and difficulty of securing loans without collateral, make it unlikely that low-income households would be able to enter into any stage of industrial poultry production.
From page 224...
... By promoting risk sharing supply chain relationships, such as contracting, certification, and traceability, individual agents can contribute to a local commons of lower disease risk, more credible product quality, and higher value added across low income networks extending from farmers to consumer households. In these circumstances, every value chain participant has a shared interest in more diligent safety production, distribution, and marketing practices.
From page 225...
... Targeted control measures, such as reducing infection risks at LBMs, as well as prevention measures aimed at domestic duck production, would make important contributions to this ‘secondbest' objective. Transboundary HPAI H5N1 transmission risk within the GMS appears to be high and Thailand, Lao PDR, and Viet Nam are exposed to HPAIV introductions from southern China.
From page 226...
... in live bird markets and food markets, Thailand. Emerging Infectious Diseases 14(11)
From page 227...
... 2011. Risk factors of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 occurrence at the village and farm levels in the Red River Delta Region in Vietnam.
From page 228...
... 2012. Characteristics of two duck farming systems in the Mekong Delta of Viet Nam: stationary flocks and moving flocks, and their potential relevance to the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza.
From page 229...
... 2006. Epidemiology and ecology of highly pathogenic avian influenza with particular emphasis on South East Asia.
From page 230...
... 2008. Rural livelihood and bi osecurity of smallholder poultry producers and poultry value chain-gender and socio-economic impacts of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI)
From page 231...
... 2009. Poultry movement networks in Cambodia: Implications for surveillance and control of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI/H5N1)


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