Emerging Viral Diseases The One Health Connection: Workshop Summary (2015) / Chapter Skim
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A11 Zoonosis Emergence Linked to Agricultural Intensification and Environmental Change--Bryony A. Jones, Delia Grace, Richard Kock, Silvia Alonso, Jonathan Rushton, Mohammed Y. Said, Declan McKeever, Florence Mutua, Jarrah Young, John McDermott, and Dirk U. Pfeiffer
A11 Zoonosis Emergence Linked to Agricultural Intensification and Environmental Change--Bryony A. Jones, Delia Grace, Richard Kock, Silvia Alonso, Jonathan Rushton, Mohammed Y. Said, Declan McKeever, Florence Mutua, Jarrah Young, John McDermott, and Dirk U. Pfeiffer
Pages 232-247
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The study found several examples in which agricultural intensification and/ or environmental change were associated with an increased risk of zoonotic disease emergence, driven by the impact of an expanding human population and changing human behavior on the environment. We conclude that the rate of future zoonotic disease emergence or reemergence will be closely linked to the evolution of the agriculture–environment nexus.
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To inform the research policy of the United Kingdom's Department of International Development, a systematic review was conducted to analyze qualitatively scientific knowledge in relation to the effect of agricultural intensification and environmental changes on risk of zoonoses at the wildlife–livestock–human interface.
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. Results In summary, the review found strong evidence that modern farming practices and intensified systems can be linked to disease emergence and amplification (Brown, 2004; Cutler et al., 2010; Daszak et al., 2000; Dorny et al., 2009; Epstein et al., 2006; Gould and Higgs, 2009; Gummow, 2010; McMichael, 2004; Newell
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Anthropogenic environmental changes arising from settlement and agriculture include habitat fragmentation, deforestation, and replacement of natural vegetation by crops. These modify wildlife population structure and migration and reduce biodiversity by creating environments that favor particular hosts, vectors, and/ or pathogens.
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The recent emergence of bat-associated viruses in Australia -- Hendra virus, Australian bat lyssavirus, and Menangle virus -- is associated with loss of bat habitat due to deforestation and agricultural expansion. Changes in the location, size, and structure of bat colonies, and foraging in periurban fruit trees have led to greater contact with livestock and humans, increasing the probability of pathogen spillover (Daszak et al., 2006; Field, 2009)
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. The reemergence in Brazil of Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, has been attributed to anthropogenic environmental change leading to low mammal diversity and abundance of the common opossum, Didelphis aurita (Vaz et al., 2007)
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. Nipah Virus Emergence Linked to Livestock Intensification and Environmental Change The first known outbreak of Nipah virus occurred in Malaysia during 1998– 1999, causing respiratory disease in pigs and high case fatality in humans.
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. They conclude that the emergence of Nipah virus was primarily driven by intensification of the pig industry combined with fruit production in an area already populated by Nipah virus-infected fruit bats.
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. Both extensive and intensive farming practices can influence the likelihood of influenza virus spillover from wild birds to domestic birds and pigs and the subsequent evolution and amplification in domestic animals and transmission to humans.
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Some of the limitations of our approach included the following: few papers described primary research; different review papers tended to be based on the same small number of primary research papers; the diversity of studies prevented metaanalysis; and non-English language papers were excluded from the initial database search. This systematic review found several examples of zoonotic disease emergence at the wildlife–livestock–human interface that were associated with varying combinations of agricultural intensification and environmental change, such as habitat fragmentation and ecotones, reduced biodiversity, agricultural changes, and increasing human density in ecosystems.
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Less farming diverse with endangered wildlife. Managed landscape: islands Low, but increased number Many livestock, mainly Fewer contacts between Bat-associated viruses in of intensive farming, highly of certain peridomestic intensive, genetically livestock, and people; Australia, West Nile virus in regulated.
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In conclusion, we find that available research clearly indicates the significance of the zoonotic disease threat associated with the wildlife–livestock interface. However, it inadequately addresses the complexity, context specificity, and interrelatedness of the environmental, biological, and social dimensions of zoonotic pathogen emergence and has therefore failed to generate scientific evidence to underpin effective management of zoonotic disease risk at the wildlife–livestock interface.
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This article focuses on those study findings that provide evidence of the effect of agricultural intensification and environmental change on zoonosis at the wildlife–livestock– human interface. The overall objective was broken down into seven themes, for which literature database search terms and algorithms were defined.
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2008. The evolutionary genetics and emergence of avian influenza viruses in wild birds.
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2004. Nipah virus encephalitis reemergence, Bangla desh.
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2010. A longitudinal study of the prevalence of Nipah virus in Pteropus lylei bats in Thailand: evidence for seasonal preference in disease transmission.
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